Introduction
Veno-venous (VV) ECMO has been recognized as a potentially life-saving
therapy for patients with refractory ARDS secondary to pneumonia and its
use in adults has increased exponentially following the influenza A
(H1N1) pandemic in 2009 (1-5). The Extracorporeal Life Support
Organization (ELSO) has published comprehensive guidelines defining the
appropriate clinical indications for VV-ECMO use and has established
detailed protocols and quality measures for to ensure appropriate
implementation of therapy (6,7).
Extracorporeal circulation in VV-ECMO is traditionally obtained with the
insertion of two venous cannulas either with the internal
jugular-femoral or the femoro-femoral configuration (5,8,9). In recent
years, a technique using a single bicaval dual-lumen catheter (Avalon
Elite®, Maquet Inc., Rastatt, Germany) with access through the right
internal jugular vein (IJV) has become available as an alternative
method to the traditional double venous cannulation strategy (5,10,11).
The single insertion site, which may reduce the risk of bleeding and
infection, the location of the insertion site in the neck, which may
facilitate patients’ prone positioning as needed, and possibly the more
efficient oxygenation, most likely related to lesser incidence of the
phenomenon of “recirculation”, account for the advantages of using a
single dual-lumen cannula versus a double cannulation strategy
(8,9,12-14). On the other hand, the perceived technical difficulty of
the internal jugular venous cannulation using a large bore cannula (27
Fr or 31 Fr, both with an insertable length of 31 cm) is seen as a
potential disadvantage. For this reason, the dual lumen catheter IJV
placement is traditionally performed in the operating room or the
catheterization laboratory with assistance of fluoroscopy and
transesophageal echocardiography (11,15,16).
In 2015, we implemented a strategy of routine bedside cannulation at
Hennepin County Medical Center. An internal committee was created with
the objective of designing protocols and determining the logistics of
the cannulation procedure. Dry runs were simulated in the Surgical
Intensive Care Unit (SICU) until the optimal cannulation protocol was
defined. A total of 89 patients required ECMO support at Hennepin County
Medical Center between March 2015 and December 2019. Of these, 28
(31%) patients were cannulated for veno-venous support, all at
bedside. A dual-lumen, bicaval cannula (Avalon Elite®, Maquet Inc.) was
used in 23 cases; a two cannula approach using the right internal
jugular vein and femoral vein was selected in 5 cases due to
patient-specific factors, such as a high native cardiac output. Of the
28 VV-ECMO cases, the average age was 40 years (range 12-66), 12 (43%)
were women, and the average body surface area (BSA) was 2.04
m2 (range 1.53-2.71 ). Cannula size selection was
based on the patient’s BSA. The indication for VV-ECMO was ARDS in all
cases; the etiology of ARDS was pneumonia (N=10, 36%), massive
aspiration (N=7, 25%), blunt trauma (N=8, 29%), and drowning (N=3,
10%). Bedside cannulation was successful in 27 of 28 cases (97%), and
there was no mortality or morbidity associated with the procedure. The
failed cannulation was in the case of a young woman who hanged herself.
Percutaneous access to the right IJV failed due to massive subcutaneous
emphysema; she was cannulated using a peripheral veno-arterial
configuration via the femoral vessels. ECMO blood flow achieved was
> 60% of native cardiac output in all cases. The median
days of VV-ECMO support was 8 (range 1-37). Twenty of 28 patients
(71%) undergoing VV-ECMO support survived to hospital discharge.