References
- Ackermann, M., Verleden, S. E., Kuehnel, M., Haverich, A., Welte, T.,
Laenger, F., … & Li, W. W. (2020). Pulmonary Vascular
Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19. New England
Journal of Medicine. May 21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2015432. Online ahead
of print.
- Armstrong, J. F., Faccenda, E., Harding, S. D., Pawson, A. J.,
Southan, C., Sharman, J. L., … & Spedding, M. (2020). The
IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2020: extending immunopharmacology
content and introducing the IUPHAR/MMV Guide to MALARIA PHARMACOLOGY.
Nucleic acids research, 48(D1), D1006-D1021.
- Asokananthan, N., Graham, P. T., Fink, J., Knight, D. A., Bakker, A.
J., McWilliam, A. S., … & Stewart, G. A. (2002). Activation of
protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1, PAR-2, and PAR-4 stimulates IL-6,
IL-8, and prostaglandin E2 release from human respiratory epithelial
cells. The Journal of Immunology, 168(7), 3577-3585.
- Atanelishvili, I., Liang, J., Akter, T., Spyropoulos, D. D., Silver,
R. M., & Bogatkevich, G. S. (2014). Thrombin Increases Lung
Fibroblast Survival while Promoting Alveolar Epithelial Cell Apoptosis
via the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Marker, CCAAT Enhancer–Binding
Homologous Protein. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular
biology, 50(5), 893-902.
- Bae, J. S., Kim, Y. U., Park, M. K., & Rezaie, A. R. (2009).
Concentration dependent dual effect of thrombin in endothelial cells
via Par‐1 and Pi3 Kinase. Journal of cellular physiology, 219(3),
744-751.
- Blanc-Brude, O. P., Archer, F., Leoni, P., Derian, C., Bolsover, S.,
Laurent, G. J., & Chambers, R. C. (2005). Factor Xa stimulates
fibroblast procollagen production, proliferation, and calcium
signaling via PAR1 activation. Experimental cell research, 304(1),
16-27.
- Camprubí-Rimblas, M., Tantinyà, N., Bringué, J., Guillamat-Prats, R.,
& Artigas, A. (2018). Anticoagulant therapy in acute respiratory
distress syndrome. Annals of translational medicine, 6(2) :36. doi:
10.21037/atm.2018.01.08.
- Frantzeskaki, F., Armaganidis, A., & Orfanos, S. E. (2017).
Immunothrombosis in acute respiratory distress syndrome: cross talks
between inflammation and coagulation. Respiration, 93(3), 212-225.
- Hematology.org. COVID-19 and Coagulopathy: Frequently Asked Questions.
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-coagulopathy.
Accessed June 5th, 2020
- Heuberger, D. M., & Schuepbach, R. A. (2019). Protease-activated
receptors (PARs): mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic
modulators in PAR-driven inflammatory diseases. Thrombosis journal,
17(1), 4.
- Joly, B. S., Siguret, V., & Veyradier, A. (2020). Understanding
pathophysiology of hemostasis disorders in critically ill patients
with COVID-19. Intensive Care Medicine, May 15;1-4. doi:
10.1007/s00134-020-06088-1.
- Jose, R. J., & Manuel, A. (2020). COVID-19 cytokine storm: the
interplay between inflammation and coagulation. The Lancet Respiratory
Medicine. Apr 27;S2213-2600(20)30216-2.
- José, R. J., Williams, A. E., & Chambers, R. C. (2014).
Proteinase-activated receptors in fibroproliferative lung disease.
Thorax, 69(2), 190-192.
- Magro, C., Mulvey, J. J., Berlin, D., Nuovo, G., Salvatore, S., Harp,
J., … & Laurence, J. (2020). Complement associated microvascular
injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19
infection: a report of five cases. Translational Research. doi:
10.1016/j.trsl.2020.04.007 [Epub ahead of print]
- Morrow, D. A., Braunwald, E., Bonaca, M. P., Ameriso, S. F., Dalby, A.
J., Fish, M. P., … & Ophuis, A. O. (2012). Vorapaxar in the
secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events. New England Journal
of Medicine, 366(15), 1404-1413.
- Oxley, T. J., Mocco, J., Majidi, S., Kellner, C. P., Shoirah, H.,
Singh, I. P., … & Skliut, M. (2020). Large-vessel stroke as a
presenting feature of Covid-19 in the young. New England Journal of
Medicine, 382(20), e60.
- Song, J. S., Kang, C. M., Park, C. K., & Yoon, H. K. (2013). Thrombin
induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition via PAR-1, PKC, and ERK1/2
pathways in A549 cells. Experimental lung research, 39(8), 336-348.
- Sriram, K., & Insel, P. A. (2020). A hypothesis for pathobiology and
treatment of COVID‐19: the centrality of ACE1/ACE2 imbalance. British
Journal of Pharmacology. Apr 24. doi: 10.1111/bph.15082. Online ahead
of print.
- Statkevich, P., Kosoglou, T., Preston, R. A., Kumar, B., Xuan, F.,
Trusley, C., … & Cutler, D. L. (2012). Pharmacokinetics of the
novel PAR-1 antagonist vorapaxar in patients with hepatic impairment.
European journal of clinical pharmacology, 68(11), 1501-1508.
- Suzuki, T., Moraes, T. J., Vachon, E., Ginzberg, H. H., Huang, T. T.,
Matthay, M. A., … & Chow, C. W. (2005). Proteinase-activated
receptor-1 mediates elastase-induced apoptosis of human lung
epithelial cells. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular
biology, 33(3), 231-247.