AAD, anti-arrhythmic drug, ACT: activated clotting time, ACEI/ARB: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker, APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time, AST/ALT: aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase, BMI: body mass index, CHF: congestive heart failure, Cr: creatinine, CrCl: creatinine clearance, DM: diabetes mellitus, ECV: electrical cardioversion, EF: ejection fraction, HT: hypertension, IDR: inappropriate dose reduction, LAA: left atrial appendage, LAD: left atrial diameter, LVDd/Ds: left ventricular diastolic/systolic dimension, NOAC, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. PT-INR: prothrombin time-international normalized ratio, RFCA: radiofrequency catheter ablation, SCE, silent cerebral event, SEC: spontaneous echo contrast, TEE: transesophageal echocardiography, TIA: transient ischemic attack, TTE: transthoracic echocardiography, UFH: unfractionated heparin.