Fig.10. The comparison of nature reserves and suitable areas in China
Comparing
the current distribution of birds and the protected area, we can find
out that the suitable areas and nature reserves do not match very
well.
One
of mismatch is that the large number of migratory birds lives in the
middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain but protected area
is only located around the Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake.
The
other of mismatch is the position of habitat and the protected area,
there are lots of habitats are not protected. The distribution of
protected areas in different regions of China is very uneven, with large
areas of protected areas in western China, but the distribution of birds
is mainly concentrated in the eastern of China (Ma et al., 2019).
Migratory birds tend to choose plain areas that are easily to fly to and
feed successfully, so that they can save energy and have a high
probability of survival.
The
western human population is rare, thus, it is easily to manage the
reserves and prevent them from artificial effect. However, the situation
in the east is more complex because of its position as the agriculture
center and its dense population. The protected areas in the eastern area
are scattered and broken, and the connectivity between them is also
broken(Sang et al., 2011).
4.2.2 Strategy for birds
protection
Our results indicate some new views about the impact of climate change
on bird populations. Firstly, an effective regulatory frame should be
built based on the establishment of protected areas. The area of nature
reserves in China increases a lot since 2000, but the protective effect
is not effective. There are 2 main reasons for this. The first reason is
that the location of nature reserves mismatches the distribution of
migratory birds (Ma et al., 2019). China is still in the process of high
speed development focusing on the economic activities and the urban
expansion, which will reduce the space for birds(Liang et al., 2018b;
Liang et al., 2017). The second reason is the lack of rational
management for nature reserves. The nature reserves locate in the
sparsely populated regions in China, which leads to few workers in the
large area (Shen et al., 2015). Effective conservation measures must be
established for the protection of species, not only to establish
effective nature reserves, but also to
take
effective policies to reduce the impact of climate change on species
distribution.
Secondly,
different
regions should be combined for protection. We can see the similarity of
the constraints in different regions. The fact in China is that the
nature reserves are isolated from other places. The borders of different
provinces, climate zones and the basins are the blind spots for species
protection.
The
mismatching borders among province, basins and climate zones makes it
more difficult to manage the cross zones between these areas.
Specifically, there are different protection policies to select nature
reserves, since China is a wide country with different regulations and
standards (Liang et al., 2018a). Which guidelines should the border
areas follow and what kind of managements should these areas take are
not clear.
Thirdly, the protection of whole birds and
individual
birds should be distinguished. According to our research, the influence
of climate change on species distribution will rise in future. Many
species of migratory birds will decrease in distribution and population
in future climate scenarios, and may even face the risk of
extinction(Pereira et al., 2010; Pimm et al., 2014).
Also,
some of the species
will
retain or expand in future. The distribution of each species is
different from other species and changes every year. Considering the
suitable conditions for the individual species, we can choose a region
for this species and control the environmental conditions to meet
demand.
Finally,
the
effective policies should be taken
to
combat climate change. Climate
change has a critical influence on the distribution of birds, therefore,
it is necessary to keep the climate relatively stable by making
policies. Temperature is the
constraint
of birds in whole China. The carbon emission making temperature rising
has a great influence on the distribution of birds, so it is necessary
to reduce the carbon emission (Beringer et al., 2011). Also, the
constraint in southern China is NDVI, which suggests that we should keep
forest coverage floating within a certain range. At last, biodiversity
loss is heavily international problem, all the countries on earth should
unite together to protect biodiversity.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (51679082, 51979101, 51479072, 51521006), the Hunan Science &
Technology Innovation Program (2018RS3037), the Natural Science
Foundation of Hunan Province (2019JJ20002) and the Three Gorges
Follow-up Research Project (2017HXXY-05).
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