Long-term effects: changing soil properties and hydrology
When we consider sustainable land resource management through SWC measures, the focus should be at larger scale based on long-term evidences, because the phenomenon generally takes place over a long period of time. Especially the improvement of soil quality and ecosystem services in the landscape is a long-term process (Abegaz et al., 2016; Amsalu et al., 2007). In this review, we observed that, many research outputs on the effect of SWC measures are at plot scale manly based on short-term based evidence. Therefore, due to insufficient long-term based studies, SWC strategies are tested and adopted at the small scale and usually originate from simple blanket decisions. Therefore, there is a strong demand to address the impact of SWC measures based on time series observations and evidences for better understanding of biophysical dynamics in the landscape.