References
1. Mous M, Muller SA, de Leeuw JW. Long-term effects of anal sphincter rupture during vaginal delivery: faecal incontinence and sexual complaints. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2008; 115 (2): 234-8.
2. Otero M, Boulvain M, Bianchi-Demicheli F, et al. Women’s health 18 years after rupture of the anal sphincter during childbirth: II. Urinary incontinence, sexual function, and physical and mental health. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 194 (5): 1260-5.
3. Desseauve D, Proust S, Carlier-Guerin C, Rutten C, Pierre F, Fritel X. Evaluation of long-term pelvic floor symptoms after an obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) at least one year after delivery: A retrospective cohort study of 159 cases. Gynecol Obstet Fertil2016; 44 (7-8): 385-90.
4. Sharma A, Yuan L, Marshall RJ, Merrie AE, Bissett IP. Systematic review of the prevalence of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 2016;103 (12): 1589-97.
5. Menees SB, Almario CV, Spiegel BMR, Chey WD. Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Fecal Incontinence: Results From a Population-Based Survey. Gastroenterology 2018; 154 (6): 1672-81 e3.
6. Gurol-Urganci I, Cromwell DA, Edozien LC, et al. Third- and fourth-degree perineal tears among primiparous women in England between 2000 and 2012: time trends and risk factors. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2013;120 (12): 1516-25.
7. Oberwalder M, Connor J, Wexner SD. Meta-analysis to determine the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter damage. Br J Surg 2003;90 (11): 1333-7.
8. Abramowitz L, Sobhani I, Ganansia R, et al. Are sphincter defects the cause of anal incontinence after vaginal delivery? Results of a prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43 (5): 590-6; discussion 6-8.
9. Jango H, Langhoff-Roos J, Rosthoj S, Saske A. Long-term anal incontinence after obstetric anal sphincter injury-does grade of tear matter? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 218 (2): 232 e1- e10.
10. McKenna DS, Ester JB, Fischer JR. Elective cesarean delivery for women with a previous anal sphincter rupture. Am J Obstet Gynecol2003; 189 (5): 1251-6.
11. Farrar D, Tuffnell DJ, Ramage C. Interventions for women in subsequent pregnancies following obstetric anal sphincter injury to reduce the risk of recurrent injury and associated harms. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2014; (11): CD010374.
12. Long E, Jha S. Factors that influence patient preference for mode of delivery following an obstetric anal sphincter injury. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018; 221 : 28-33.
13. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 198: Prevention and Management of Obstetric Lacerations at Vaginal Delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2018;132 (3): e87-e102.
14. Lumbiganon P, Laopaiboon M, Gulmezoglu AM, et al. Method of delivery and pregnancy outcomes in Asia: the WHO global survey on maternal and perinatal health 2007-08. Lancet 2010; 375 (9713): 490-9.
15. Ducarme G, Pizzoferrato AC, de Tayrac R, et al. Perineal prevention and protection in obstetrics: CNGOF clinical practice guidelines.J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2019; 48 (7): 455-60.
16. Jango H, Langhoff-Roos J, Rosthoj S, Sakse A. Mode of delivery after obstetric anal sphincter injury and the risk of long-term anal incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214 (6): 733 e1- e13.
17. Fritel X, Ringa V, Varnoux N, Zins M, Breart G. Mode of delivery and fecal incontinence at midlife: a study of 2,640 women in the Gazel cohort. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110 (1): 31-8.
18. Vaizey CJ, Carapeti E, Cahill JA, Kamm MA. Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems. Gut 1999; 44 (1): 77-80.
19. Law PJ, Bartram CI. Anal endosonography: technique and normal anatomy. Gastrointest Radiol 1989; 14 (4): 349-53.
20. Ware J, Jr., Kosinski M, Keller SD. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care 1996; 34 (3): 220-33.
21. Rosen R, Brown C, Heiman J, et al. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): a multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. J Sex Marital Ther 2000; 26 (2): 191-208.
22. Perry S, Shaw C, McGrother C, et al. Prevalence of faecal incontinence in adults aged 40 years or more living in the community.Gut 2002; 50 (4): 480-4.
23. Fradet-Menard C, Deparis J, Gachon B, et al. Obstetrical anal sphincter injuries and symptoms after subsequent deliveries: A 60 patient study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018;226 : 40-6.
24. Nygaard IE, Rao SS, Dawson JD. Anal incontinence after anal sphincter disruption: a 30-year retrospective cohort study. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89 (6): 896-901.
25. Larsson C, Hedberg CL, Lundgren E, Soderstrom L, TunOn K, Nordin P. Anal incontinence after caesarean and vaginal delivery in Sweden: a national population-based study. Lancet 2019;393 (10177): 1233-9.
26. Guzman Rojas RA, Salvesen KA, Volloyhaug I. Anal sphincter defects and fecal incontinence 15-24 years after first delivery: a cross-sectional study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018;51 (5): 677-83.
27. Faltin DL, Boulvain M, Irion O, Bretones S, Stan C, Weil A. Diagnosis of anal sphincter tears by postpartum endosonography to predict fecal incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95 (5): 643-7.
28. Roos AM, Thakar R, Sultan AH. Outcome of primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS): does the grade of tear matter?Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2010; 36 (3): 368-74.
29. Laine K, Skjeldestad FE, Sanda B, Horne H, Spydslaug A, Staff AC. Prevalence and risk factors for anal incontinence after obstetric anal sphincter rupture. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011;90 (4): 319-24.
30. Fitzpatrick M, Cassidy M, Barassaud ML, et al. Does anal sphincter injury preclude subsequent vaginal delivery? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 198 : 30-4.