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\begin{document}

\title{Antiviral Phytomedicine Elderberry (Sambucus) in China}



\author[1]{Frank Fu}%
\author[2]{Mingshu Xu}%
\author[1]{Weidong Li}%
\affil[1]{Beijing University of Chinese Medicine}%
\affil[2]{Natural Medicine, Horticulture Institute of New Zealand }%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 14, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
There is no specific medicine recommended during the emergency of
2019-nCov has been an outbreak and in COVID-19 outbreak zone where the
climate is mildly warm, we highly recommend to use the elderberry in
order to protect your health and there are 2 species of elderberries:
one, Sambucus adnata, is termed the ``blood-red herb-elderberry'' by
local residents as the roots, rhizomes, and branches exude red-juice
when broken; the second, named S. javanica or S. chinensis is commonly
called the ``herb-elderberry''. This therapeutics paper aims to publish
our monography on the elderberry, as no English literature references
are present in China because most Chinese horticulturists and farmers
consider the elderberry a wild plant. It is regarded as a plant of
little value due to its abundance and ease of harvest. Our article
contains details of the Sambucus species groups, including the botanical
names, Chinese common names, geographic distributions, medical uses.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{INTRODUCTION}

On the 31st December, 2019, the WHO China Country Office was informed of
the cases about the pneumonia of unknown microbial aetiology associated
with Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China.\textsuperscript{1} WHO has named
the ``coronavirus disease 2019'' short for
COVID-19.\textsuperscript{2}Seasonal outbreaks of the virus affect
nearly 10\% of the world population and may lead up to a million deaths
annually.\textsuperscript{3} WHO announcements there is no specific
medicine recommended to prevent or treat the new coronavirus COVID-19.
Although the specific medicines are not effective against COVID-19, all
specific medicines against respiratory illnesses are highly recommended
to protect your health.\textsuperscript{4}

The outbreak of COVID-19 worldwide and over centuries history of
antimalarials remind us there are many important medicinal values drugs
and currently used antimalarial drugs are derived from plants.
Artemisinin from the Qinghao plant (Artemisia annua L, China, 4th
century) and quinine from the cinchona tree (South America, 17th
century)\textsuperscript{5}.

The name atropine was coined in the 19th century, when pure extracts
from the belladonna plant Atropa belladonna were first
made\textsuperscript{6}. Berberine is a compound found in several
different plants, including Barberry (Berberis vulgaris), Oregon Grape
(Mahonia aquifolium), Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), and Chinese
goldthread (Coptis chinensis). It has a 3000-year history of use in
traditional Chinese and Indian medicine\textsuperscript{7}. Reserpine
was isolated in 1952 from the dried root of Rauvolfia serpentina (Indian
snakeroot)\textsuperscript{8}. Tubocurarine is a naturally occurring
mono-quaternary alkaloid obtained from the bark of the Menispermaceous
South American plant Chondrodendron tomentosum, and it contains highly
toxic alkaloids and is one of the sources of the arrow poison
curare\textsuperscript{9}. Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the
opium poppy or breadseed poppy is a species of flowering plant in the
family Papaveraceae\textsuperscript{10}. ''Breadseed or opium poppy,
Papaver somniferum''. University of Wisconsin Extension, Master Gardener
Program. Retrieved 7 January 2018\begin{CJK}{UTF8}{gbsn}\textsuperscript{11。12}\end{CJK}\selectlanguage{english}.

Ephedra sinica (also known as Chinese ephedra or Ma Huang) is a plant
species native to Mongolia, Russia (Buryatiya, Chita, Primorye), and
northeastern China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei
Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi)\textsuperscript{13}. Paclitaxel was
isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, hence its
name ''taxol'' Paclitaxel (PTX), sold under the brand name Taxol among
others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of types of
cancer. This includes ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, Kaposi
sarcoma, cervical cancer, and pancreatic cancer\textsuperscript{14}.
Camptothecin (CPT) is a topoisomerase inhibitor. It was isolated from
the bark and stem of Camptotheca acuminata (Camptotheca, Happy tree), a
tree native to China used as a cancer treatment in Traditional Chinese
Medicine.The stem bark of Mappia foetida, a tree native to India, has
proved to be another source significant for the isolation of
camptothecin\textsuperscript{15.16}. Maitansine (INN), or maytansine
(USAN), is a cytotoxic agent. It inhibits the assembly of microtubules
by binding to tubulin at the rhizoxin binding site. It is a macrolide of
the ansamycin type and can be isolated from plants of the genus
Maytenus\textsuperscript{17}.

For more than 50 years, low-cost antimalarial drugs silently saved
millions of lives and cured billions of debilitating infections.
Although effective new drugs are available, they are unaffordable for
the majority of the affected population, even at a cost of one dollar
per course.\textsuperscript{5} In 2002, WHO published a monograph which
stated the use of elder flower herbal preparation ``as an expectorant
for treatment of the upper respiratory tract
infection''.\textsuperscript{18} Unfortunately, Chinese National
monography has not recorded the Elderberry for national medicine in
spite of the evidence(Compendium of Materia Medica,1596)suggests that
chemicals in elder flower and the berries may reduce swelling in mucous
membranes such as the sinuses, and help relieve nasal congestion.
Elderberry may have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer
properties\textsuperscript{19}.

\emph{SAMBUCUS} \textbf{IN THE WORLD}

There is a folk song that highlights the importance of the elderberry,
``Skin, leaf, flower and fruit, each piece is a
treasure''\textsuperscript{19}. The medicinal plant is used to relieve
stress, various stomach ailments, high cholesterol, congestion, and to
fight all strains of the flu. Elderberries additionally promote a
healthy complexion and strengthen the body's immune system. The main
elderberry species is Sambucus nigra, which is native and common in
Europe and the UK. It is found wild along hedgerows, edges of woodlands
and on waste ground. Sambucus canadensis, the American elderberry,
originates from northern America, and is similar to Sambucus
nigra.\textsuperscript{19} Sambucus caerule, the blue elderberry and
Sambucus mexicana, are similar species', with the latter originating
from warmer climates. The fruit may be blue, bright-blue, or
red.\textsuperscript{19}

Since the launch of Sambucol in the US in 1995, and achievement of the
Vity Awards in 1997, 1998, 1999, numerous products have appeared and the
beneficial properties of elderberry are now known
worldwide\textsuperscript{20,21.} Sambucus nigra L. product --Sambucol
was shown to be effective in vitro against 10 strains of influenza
virus. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study, Sambucol
reduced the duration of flu symptoms to 3-4 days.\textsuperscript{22}. A
standardized elderberry extract, (Sambucus nigra), reduced
hemagglutination and inhibited replication of human influenza viruses
type A/Shandong 9/93 (H3N2), A/Beijing32/92 (H3N2), A /Texas3 6/91 (H1,
N1) A, /Singapore6 /85(H1N1)\textsuperscript{23}. On influenza A and B
viruses, elderberry extract offers an efficient, safe and cost-effective
supplement to the present armamentarium of medications for the
prophylaxis and treatment of influenza\textsuperscript{24}. The
elderberry extract inhibited Human Influenza A (H1N1) infection in vitro
with an IC50 value of 252 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 34 lg/mL. The Direct Binding Assay
established that flavonoids from the elderberry extract bind to H1N1
virions and, when bound, block the ability of the viruses to infect host
cells. These flavonoids are the major contributors to the anti-influenza
activity of the elderberry extract. The molecular mode-of-action of
these flavonoids was determined by demonstrating their direct binding to
H1N1 virus particles resulting in the inability of the H1N1 viruses to
enter host cells, effectively preventing H1N1 infection in
vitro\textsuperscript{25}. The action of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is
both direct -- suppressing viral entry, affecting the post-infection
phase, and viral transmission from cell to cell, and indirect -- by
modulating the release of cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, and
TNF\textsuperscript{26}.

Elderberry contains flavonoids, which have antioxidant properties and
may help to prevent damage to the body's cells. However, very few
studies have been done in humans, so researchers have no exact data
about the effectiveness of elderberry. Of the several species of elder,
Sambucus nigra, the European or black elder, is used the most commonly
for medicinal purposes. The dwarf elder (Sambucus ebulus) is to be
avoided as it is toxic. Recommendations suggest using a trusted
preparation of elder, raw or unripe fruit --as well as the leaves,
seeds, and rind --contain a chemical related to cyanide, which is
poisonous\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{27,28}.

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L. subsp. nigra) is a European species with
an oceanic, sub-oceanic, cool-temperate and west-Mediterranean range.
This species is common in western and central Europe as well as North
Africa, Scandinavia and Great Britain. Its distribution range reaches
63degN latitude in western Norway (with scattered naturalized shrubs up to
at least 68degN) and approximately 55degN in
Lithuania\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{27,28}.

The name of \emph{Sambuce} comes from an ancient Greek wind instrument,
in reference to the removal of pith from the twigs to make
whistles\textsuperscript{29}. There are 26 species recognized
in\emph{Sambuce} \textsuperscript{23} and we have found 20 species in
the NCBI-National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science
and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic
information\textsuperscript{30}.

The sequence of the 20 elderberry species from NCBI and the known
sequences on NCBI were clustered by software MEGA 10.0 (Fig. 1). Our
results showed that the 20 elderberry species were classified into 3
main \emph{Sambucus} group with 5 species in the
Pink-Color-Group:\emph{S. canadensis} in eastern North America; \emph{S.
javanica} in southeastern Asia; \emph{S. nigra} in Europe and North
America; \emph{S. palmensis} in Canary Islands; \emph{S. peruviana} in
Costa Rica, Panama and northwest South America and 5 species in the
Green-Color-Group:\emph{S. adnate} in Himalaya and eastern Asia;
\emph{S. australasica} in New Guinea, eastern Australia; \emph{S.
ebulus} in central and southern Europe, northwest Africa and southwest
Asia; \emph{S. wightiana} in western Himalayas; \emph{S. gaudichaudiana}
in south eastern Australia and 9 species in the Blue-Color-Group :
\emph{S. callicarpa} in west coast of North America; \emph{S. cerulea}
in western North America;\emph{S. melanocarpa} in western North America;
\emph{S. microbotrys} in southwest North America; \emph{S. pubens} in
northern North America;\emph{S. racemosa} in northern Europe, northwest
Asia and central North America; \emph{S. sieboldiana} in Japan and
Korea; \emph{S. tigranii} in southwest Asia; \emph{S. williamsii} in
northeast Asia.

Solo specie is \emph{Sambucus australis} in South America (Fig.1) and we
could not find 6 species from NCBI:\emph{Sambucus lanceolata} in Madeira
Island; \emph{Sambucus latipinna} in Korea, southeast
Siberia;\emph{Sambucus orbiculata} in western North America;
\emph{Sambucus sibirica} in eastern Asia; \emph{Sambucus simpsonii} in
southeastern United States; \emph{Sambucus velutina} in southwestern
North America.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image1/image1}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

Fig.1. Dendrogram of Clustering species from NCBI and Phylogenetic tree
based on sequences of 20 species from NCBI- The National Center for
Biotechnology Information.

\emph{SAMBUCUS} \textbf{SPECIES IN CHINA}

There may be 11 species of elderberry in
China\textsuperscript{8.9.10}(and grow from temperate to subtropical
regions and tropical mountains. It is not clear when the Sambucus
\emph{Nigra} \emph{Linn}European elderberry and \emph{Sambucus}
\emph{Canadian Linn} American elderberry were brought into China
(Beijing Shanghai, Shandong and Jiangsu Province).

Pollen morphology is of great significance in taxonomy, phylogeny, and
paleobotany. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies on pollen from
cultivated fruit trees have been carried out for taxonomic purposes and
cultivar identification. A pollen diagnosis for our 3 popular elderberry
species investigated, European elderberry (\emph{Sambucus Nigra Linn} ),
American elderberry (\emph{Sambucus Canadian Linn} ) and Chinese
Woody-elderberry (\emph{Sambucus~wiiliamsii} ) been made through
scanning electron microscopy are presented below Fig.2 and Fig. 3:\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image2/image2}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

Fig.2. a-1. The pollen has a 3-hole groove; a-2. and a-3. The pollen
size is about 24 X 14 um, the pollen shape is a long-ball shape with a
3-sided circular shape on the polar surface; a-4. The exine surface has
a mesh pattern, which is irregularly shaped, and the side of the mesh
backbone grain is occasionally seen.

b-1. The pollen has a 3-hole groove, the polar view with 3 parts is
round and the polar region is small and raised, and the hole is not
obvious; b-2. and b-3. The equatorial plane is oblong, the pollen size
is about 21X12 um, the pollen shape is long-balloon. b-4. The exine
surface has a mesh pattern, the mesh backbone is wide, and the mesh
circle is irregularly rounded, and there are few particles inside the
mesh.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image3/image3}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

Fig. 3. 1. The pollen has a 3-hole groove and the polar view is 3-shaped
and round; 2. and 3. The shape is a long-ball type and pollen size is
about (19-17) X (14-16) um. 4. The exine surface has a mesh pattern. The
mesh is round (an irregular polygon) and the base particle is
occasionally seen on the side of the mesh backbone.

\textbf{Chinese Woody-elderberry:}Sambucus wiiliamsii

This elderberry is a deciduous shrub or small tree, 5-6m high and the
old branches are a reddish-brown color with clear oblong lenticels and a
pith of hazel color. Pinnate leaves have one to five pairs, the shape is
lateral, small and oval, narrowly elliptic to oblong-lanceolate 5-15cm
long and 1.2-7cm wide. Leaves have a strong smell if rubbed. Flowers and
leaves are growing at the same time with a conical cymes 5-11cm long and
4-14cm wide. With a peduncle, most of the inflorescence branches are at
right angles. Fruit is red and rarely blue, violet or black. In the
wild, the flowering period is from April to May and the fruit ripening
period is from September to October. \textbf{(Fig5-2.)} We have tested
the HPLC for Chinese Woody-Elderberry (Sambucus~wiiliamsii) with
standard and tested materials.~\textbf{Fig 4.}

Geographic Distributions: From Wikipedia, the species is recognized in
northeast Asian and from Chinese Words Dictionary the species is
recognized in Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei,
Henan, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Jilin, Shandong,
Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang, The plants are most
commonly found under the forest trees, along ditches, among thickets, on
valley slopes, in wetlands and among alpine meadows at about 540-1600
meters above sea level.

Medical uses: Whole plant could be used for medicine in curing
rheumatism,removing dampness through diuresis, invigorating the
circulation of blood, pain relief,treatment of rheumatic arthralgia and
myalgia, treatment of lower back pain, treatment of edema, treatment of
pruritus, treatment of urticarial, treatment of postpartum ischemia,
treatment of traumatic swelling, treatment of bone fractures or the
treatment of traumatic hemorrhages.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image4/image4}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Fig 4.} We have tested the HPLC for Chinese Woody-Elderberry
(\emph{Sambucus wiiliamsii} ) with standard and tested materials.

\textbf{Chinese Blood-red Herb-elderberry: \emph{Sambucus adnata}}

This elderberry is a high perennial herb or soft-wooded shrub, 1-2
meters high. The roots and rhizomes are red, bursting out red juice when
broken. The stems are grass-like and have obvious ribs. The leaves are
small with three to five pairs and an oblong, ovate or lanceolate shape
4-15 cm long and 1.5-2.5 cm wide. Flowers are small and white with a
strong smell and yellow anthers. Fruit is red with wild flowering time
between May-July. The elderberry fruit matures between September and
October. \textbf{Fig 5-1.}

Geographic Distributions: From Wikipedia, species is recognized in the
Himalaya's and eastern Asia and from Chinese Words Dictionary the
species is recognized in Shanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan,
Guizhou, Yunnan and Tibet. The plants are most commonly found under the
forest trees, along ditches, among thickets, on valley slopes, in
wetlands and among alpine meadows at about 1600-3600 meters above sea
level. Medical uses: It has been used as a traditional medicine to treat
bruises, blood stasis, rheumatism, and diuretic
problems.\textsuperscript{10.11}

\textbf{Chinese Herb-elderberry: \emph{Sambucus chinensis}
or\emph{Sambucus javanica.}}

This elderberry is a high perennial herb or soft-wooded shrub, 1-2
meters high. The stem has ribs and the pith is white. Leaves are small
with two to three pairs and shape is alternate or opposite, narrowly
ovate 6-13cm long and 2-3cm wide. New leaves have a hairy surface.
Flowers are white, only the base of the joint and anthers are yellow or
purple. Fruit is red and wild flowering time is from April to May,
ripening between August and September (\textbf{Fig 5-3} ).\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image5/image5}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Fig 5} . The Imaging of three Chinese Elderberries: 1. Chinese
Blood-red Herb-elderberry (\emph{Sambucus adnata} ); 2. Chinese
Woody-elderberry (\emph{Sambucus wiiliamsii} ); 3. Chinese
Herb-Elderberry (\emph{Sambucus chinensis} or\emph{Sambucus javanica)} .

Geographic Distributions: From Wikipedia, the species is recognized in
southeastern Asia and from Chinese Words Dictionary the species is
recognized in Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Gansu, Guangdong,
Guangxi, Guizhou, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Tibet,
Yunnan, Zhejiang and Japan. Medical uses: This species is recorded in
old Chinese medical books as an herb to treat bruises, rheumatism, help
blood circulation, and it is believed to have detoxification
anti-inflammatory effect.

\textbf{Siberian Woody-elderberry: \emph{Sambucus sibirica}}

This species is a deciduous shrub, 2-4m high, densely branched with
reddish brown skin and vertical cracks. There are oval lenticels, with a
light brown pith and twigs with a white papilla. The pinnate usually has
two pairs of leaflets, and the rachis and petiole have yellow hirsutes.
Small leaves are lanceolate 5-14cm long and 1.6-5.5cm wide. Flowers are
light green or yellow with conical cymes. Anthers are ocher yellow and
fruit is bright red. Fruit mature period is from July to August.

Geographic Distributions: Xinjiang Fuyun, Fuhai, Siberia and Altai. The
plants are most commonly found on stony slopes and beside the stream
beds. Medical uses: There are not common uses of this species.

\textbf{Hairy Woody-elderberry: \emph{Sambucus sieboldiana} or \emph{S.
buergeriana.}}

This elderberry has new shoots, rachis, pedicels, petioles, and a leaf
surface covered by long hair. It is a deciduous shrub or small tree 4-5m
high. Small pinnate leaves have two or three pairs, small leaves' main
vein and lateral surface contains obvious yellowish-white hair. There is
yellow hair on the petiole, rachis and young shoots surface. Fruit is
orange-red with two or three seeds. The flowering period is from mid-May
to early-June and fruit mature time is July to August.

Geographic Distributions: Inner-Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning
as well as Korea and Japan. The plants are most commonly found on valley
slopes, forest margins and desert areas at about 540-1600m above sea
level. Medical uses: This species can be used for landscaping trees and
various medicinal properties, similar to the Wood Elderberry. New leaves
could be consumable and the crushed mixture of shoots and leaves could
help in curing injuries of muscles and bones.

\textbf{Hook-tooth Leaf Woody-elderberry: \emph{Sambucus foetidissinia}}

This species is a deciduous shrub 4-5m high, with an odd number pinnate
with five to seven pairs. The leaf shape is oval or slightly oblong,
6-9cm long and 1.5-4cm wide. The leaves have a strong smell and thick,
sharp, serrated teeth. The teeth bend inward like hooks. The fruit is
red and flowering time is from May to June, fruit mature time is
August-September.

Geographic Distributions: Inner-Mongolia only, there is a chance it
could be found in Huabei, but no formal record exists. Medical uses: The
species is used in landscaping trees and for various medicinal
properties.

\textbf{North-Korean Woody-elderberry: \emph{Sambucus coreaana}}

This elderberry is a deciduous shrub 5m high, with an odd number pinnate
with three to five pairs. The leaf shape is lanceolate, 1.5-5cm long and
0.7-2cm wide. The flower is conical inflorescence and light green, the
anther is yellow. The fruit is red with three seeds flowering from May
to June and maturing in August.

Geographic Distributions: Inner-Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning
as well as North-Korea and east of Russia. The plants are most commonly
found on the mountain slope and forest margins. Medical uses: The shoots
and leaves have medicinal value. The unique seeds contain 18.8\% oil
which can be used to make soaps and candles. The species may be used in
landscaping trees.

\textbf{Latifolia Woody-elderberry: \emph{Sambucus latipinna}}

This elderberry is a deciduous shrub, about 3m high, with an odd number
of pinnate, opposite with three to five pairs. The leaf shape is oval or
oblong, 4-8cm long and 2-3.5cm wide. It called latifolia as the leaflet
is 2-3.5cm wide. The flower is conical inflorescence and yellow-green in
colour with yellow anthers. The fruit is orange-red flowering in May and
maturing in August and September.

Geographic Distributions: Inner-Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning as well as
North-Korea. Shrubs are most commonly found on the mountain slopes,
especially along stream beds and in meadowland. Medical uses: There are
no common uses of this species.

\textbf{Northern-east Woody-elderberry: \emph{Sambucus mandshurica}}

This elderberry is a deciduous shrub about 6m high. The branches grow
upright with a reddish grey skin color. There is an odd number of
pinnate, opposite with five to seven pairs. The leaf shape is oblong;
2-6cm long and 1-2cm wide. The flower is large conical inflorescence and
yellow-green. The anther is yellow and the fruit is red. The flowering
period is between May and June and matures in August to September.

Geographic Distributions: Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, North-Korea,
Mongolia, far-east and east-Siberia in Russia. Shrubs are most commonly
found on the mountain slopes, especially along stream beds, at bush
forest margins, or in low scrub and meadowlands. Medical uses: Shoots
and leaves of this species have medicinal value. They are proven to help
recover injuries of tendons and muscles. It may also be used in
landscaping trees.

\textbf{CONCLUSION}

It is accepted that there are 11 species of elderberry in China. There
is not the evidence about when the \emph{Sambucus nigra} species of
elderberry was brought to China (Shanghai, Shandong and Jiangsu
Province).\begin{CJK}{UTF8}{gbsn}　\end{CJK}\selectlanguage{english}In southwest China, where the climate is mildly warm
(COVID-19 outbreak zone), there are 2 species of elderberries; one,
Sambucus adnata, is termed the ``blood-red herb-elderberry'' by local
residents as the roots, rhizomes, and branches exude red-juice when
broken. The second, named S. javanica or S. chinensis, is commonly
called the ``herb-elderberry''.

In northeast China where the climate is cold, there are 7 species of
elderberry, however, most scientists recognize only 2 main species:
Sambucus. williamsii, commonly called the ``woody-elderberry'', and
Sambucus sibirica, commonly called the ``Siberian woody-elderberry''.
The other 5 species of elderberry in northern-east of China are not
commonly known to scientists. Sambucus sieboldiana is significantly
different from S. williamsii, and is commonly called the
``hairy-woody-elderberry''. The remaining species are S. foetidissima,
the ``hook-tooth-leaf woody-elderberry'', S. coreana, the ``North-Korean
woody elderberry'' originating in North-Korea with unique seeds
containing 18.8\% oil, S. latipinna, the ``broad-leaf
woody-elderberry'', and S. manshurica, the ``northeast
woody-elderberry''. The leaves and shoots of the S. manshurica have been
used as traditional Chinese medicines to treat human bone fractures.

People have begun to recognize the immense health benefit of elderberry.
As a researcher, it is incredibly exciting to be a part of something
that has such a positive impact on the world. American elderberry and
European elderberry have significantly inability to the flu viruses and
cold viruses, Forward the history of antimalarials, we believe that one
of 9 Chinese elderberries should be inhibition of the Novel Coronavirus
(COVID-19).

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\textbf{ACKNOWLEDGEMENT}

\textbf{Declaration for author contribution statement}

\textbf{FrankQiang~Fu} : Conceived and designed the experiments;
Performed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; wrote the
paper.

\textbf{Mingshu Xu} : Conceived and designed the experiments; Performed
the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed
reagents, materials, Analysis tools or data.

\textbf{Weidong Li:} He is the supervisor of the Ph.D. at Beijing
University of Chinese Medicine.

\par\null

\textbf{Funding statement}

This work was supported by New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation
and Employment (Grant number 202001130213) and Horticulture Institute of
New Zealand.

Dr. Mingshu Xu's Research Fellow Reward funded by the Horticulture
Institute of New Zealand (Grant number 202001130213).

\textbf{Declaration of interest}

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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