Abbreviation
STZ=Streptozotocin, PA=Prunus amygdalus , LC-MS= Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy, BGL=Blood Glucose Level, SGOT=serum glutamic oxalo acetic transaminase, SGPT=serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, ALP=alkaline phosphatise, SOD=superoxide dismutase, LPO=lipid peroxidation, CAT=catalase, GSH=glutathione, HDL=high-density lipoprotein, TG=triglyceride, TC=total cholesterol, LDL=low-density lipoprotein, VLDL=very low density lipoprotein, OGTT= oral glucose tolerance test, DM= Diabetes mellitus, WHO= World Health Organization, GLP-1=glucagon-like peptide-1, GIP=glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, NAFLD=non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,ROS= reactive oxygen species.
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus (DM) constitute various forms of metabolic disorders, categorized via increase BGL with a reduction in the plasma insulin level and serve as hyperglycemia condition that affects diverse organs of the human body (Drouin et al., 2009). Nowadays, without any doubt, DM has considered as the biggest global health and economic problem Present with high obesity incidence, the prevalence of diabetes is increasing day by day. 6% of global population is affected by it or by its complications. Among total diabetic patient, 90-95% patient suffers from the type II diabetes and rest from type I. According to WHO report, 366 million suffer from DM in 2011 and 422 million people suffer from diabetes in 2014, the figures were quadrupled in 1980 (Shaw et al., 2010; Ramachandran et al., 2012). The development of the DM incidence occurs mainly in the middle-income countries. Based on the recent review, the cost of the DM medicine approx US$ 827 billion, annually. In the modern world, the choice of the treatment of DM is a synthetic drug, but with the limitation of side effects in long-term treatment. The treatment of diabetes without any side effects is still a challenge and dream. Health professionals have moved towards the herbal-based drug therapy due to the more beneficial effect on the DM with fewer side effects (Pannala et al., 2008; Kavishankar et al., 2011). According to WHO, more than 150 plants have already been used for the treatment of DM and the study of hypoglycaemic plants are under consideration. Indian system of medicine is one of the richest medicinal systems in the world. Consequently, there is still an urgent need for novel Indian medicinal plant that can normalize the hyperglycemia and revolutionizes oxidative stress for the preclusion of diabetes and its interconnected and hidden complications (Bisht et al., 2010; Kavishankar et al., 2011).
Optimization of methanolic extraction of plant material has been widely scrutinized on a variety of food materials such as dry seeds, plant materials, and herbs. Generally, the most significant parameters are extraction time, solvent concentration, temperature and powder mass to methanol concentration. In particular extraction of antioxidant principles from the plant materials has been shown to depend upon such factors, but the interaction effects of these factors may depend on the type of matrix and this has not been examined on Prunus amygdalus
Various researchers suggested the correlation between the oxidative stress and hyperglycemia. During DM, increased BGL and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via various pathways such as amplification of advanced glycation products, protein kinase C activation, dysregulation of redox equilibrium and overproduction of superoxides have been well studied. The overproduction of superoxide anions that start the production of hydroxyl radical via Haber Weiss reaction, resulting in peroxidation of protein glycation and lipids membrane inducing oxidative damage to cell membranes can be easily correlated to above statement (Rolo and Palmeira, 2006; Giacco and Brownlee, 2010).
Various researchers have even targeted the incretin hormones for the treatment of DM. According to them, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is the major hormone, secreted by the intestinal cells. GLP-1 plays a significant role to maintain the BGL via promoting the insulin secretion, β-cell masses, reduction of glucagon secretion and altering the gastric emptying rate. Researchers suggest that the GLP-1 have a short life about 1-2 min, approximately. Conversely, GLP-1 is quickly metabolized via a DPP-IV enzyme. Inhibition of DPP-IV maintains the level of endogenous GLP-1 and prolongs its half-life. Now, the researchers have shifted their focus and attention on the inhibition of DPP-IV for the treatment of DM (Chyan, 2007; Seino et al., 2010).
The available treatment for the DM is not effective for the progression of the disease and also it’s producing the various side effects. The researchers focus on the alternative therapy for the treatment of DM due to its specific action, low cost and easily available. Several phytoconstituents/compound/plant extract/herbal formulations are already in the market for the applications in the field of agriculture, human disease and veterinary (Rubin, 2005). Prunus amygdalus(Amygdalaceae) commonly known as badam is widely cultivated in India, America, Africa and other tropical countries. The whole plant is used for treating the various diseases like AIDS, cancer to name few through its etc (Pandey et al., 2017), antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties (Sang et al., 2002). Therefore, due to the presence of antioxidant phytoconstituents, we try to explore the anti-diabetic potential of Prunus amygdalus in experimental rats.
Materials and methods