Pollination mode
Species were coded as pollinated by wind, small insects, large insects,
or vertebrates. Small insect pollinators included small Hymenoptera
(i.e., Trigona and Melipona bees and wasps), Diptera
(i.e., hoverflies and gnats), Coleoptera (i.e., small curculionids),
Hemiptera (i.e. Anthocoridae and Miridae), and Thysanoptera (i.e.,
thrips). Large insects included large bees (i.e., honeybees, bumblebees,
carpenter bees, euglossine bees) and Lepidoptera (i.e., hawk moths and
yucca moths, monarch butterflies). We included honeybees in the large
insect category based on evidence showing that honeybees have flying and
pollen carry-over capacity similar to bumblebees (Cresswell, Bassom,
Bell, Collins, & Kelly, 1995; Escaravage & Wagner, 2004). Vertebrates
included bats, hummingbirds, and other nectarivorous birds such as
honeyeaters and sunbirds. Some instances of vertebrate pollination were
more generalized, with visitors including a combination of bats, birds,
rodents, and/or marsupials.