Seed dispersal mode
Species were coded as dispersed by wind, animals, or gravity. Plants adapted to wind dispersal presented fruits or seeds that were particularly light and/or winged. For those plants adapted to animal dispersal, exploratory analyses showed that different types of animal dispersal were not significantly different (results not shown). Thus, we kept the animal dispersal category broad, including plants with fruits or seeds dispersed by endo-, ecto-, or syn-zoochory. Plants with no adaptations for vector-mediated seed dispersal were coded as gravity dispersed. Based on the information reported in publications with FST and trait data, we did not find evidence of secondary movement of fruits or seeds by biotic agents. In some instances, however, water may play a secondary role in dispersing seeds that fall under mother plants, as in the mangrove speciesAvicennia spp. and Rhizophora spp., and for Beta vulgaris L., Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq., Cocos nucifera L., and Primula nutans Georgi, as well as for many forest trees after floods or inhabiting riparian sites (Levine & Murrell, 2003; Nilsson, Brown, Jansson, & Merritt, 2010).