\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Early Morning Peaks in the Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation over the
Northern Coast of West Java and Possible Influencing Factors}



\author[1]{Erma Yulihastin}%
\author[2]{Tri Hadi}%
\author[2]{Sari Ningsih Nining}%
\author[3]{Muhammad Syahputra}%
\affil[1]{Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space}%
\affil[2]{Institut Teknologi Bandung}%
\affil[3]{Bandung Institute of Technology}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 08, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Erma Yulihastin 1,2, Tri Wahyu Hadi1, Nining Sari Ningsih3, Muhammad
Ridho Syahputra1 1Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Earth
Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132,
Indonesia 2Center of Atmospheric Sciences and Technology, National
Institute of Aeronautics and Space, Bandung, 40175, Indonesia
3Oceanography Research Group, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology,
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia The diurnal cycles
of precipitation over the northern coast of West Java have been studied
using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Real Time
Multi-satellite Precipitation Analyses (MPA-RT) products with records
spanning from 2000 to 2016, with emphasis on the occurrences of early
morning precipitation peaks. Diurnal precipitation over the study area
during November to March is basically characterised by precipitation
peaks that occur in the afternoon to evening time (15:00--21:00 LT) but
secondary peaks in night to morning time (01:00--07:00 LT) are also
pronounced in January and February. Harmonic analysis method was then
applied on data of January and February to objectively determine the
diurnal phase and classify the timing of precipitation for each day into
three categories, i.e. afternoon-to-evening precipitation (AEP), early
morning precipitation (EMP), and late morning precipitation (LMP) with
peaks that occur in the time windows of 13:00--24:00 LT, 01:00--04:00
LT, and 05:00--12:00 LT, respectively. In terms of frequency of
occurrence, AEP, EMP, and LMP constitute 55 \%, 26.1 \%, and 18.9 \% of
total samples of precipitation events. In spite of the smallest
percentage, EMP events are characterised by seaward (as well as
landward) propagation, flat phase distribution, and large mean
amplitudes. The propagating characteristics of EMP are more prominent,
with indications of stronger connectivity between precipitation systems
over land and ocean, when data are composited by taking the 99th
percentile values in each grid to represent extreme precipitation
events. The flat phase distribution of EMP events suggests that the
timing of coastal precipitation is not necessarily locked to the phase
of land/sea-breezes, thus, allowing precipitation to occur more
randomly.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

