2.5. Surgical procedures
All the patients were hospitalized one day before surgery, and the body hair on the surgical area was removed using an electric clipper in the morning of the operation. An enema was performed approximately six hours before, and 1 g of cefazolin sodium was administered intravenously 30 minutes before the surgery in all patients. All the surgeries were performed under spinal anesthesia. The patient was placed in a prone jack-knife position. The intergluteal fold was separated by tape, and the intergluteal cleft was exposed. The operation area was cleansed at least twice using a polyvinyl iodine soaked gauze. Than a polyvinyl iodine soaked gauze was placed into anal area to prevent the possible contamination. The orifices were probed using a stylet, and diluted methylene blue was injected to assess the resection area.