The number of pesticide applications per year is based on the monthly average number of applications (Supplementary Data 3 ). In case the farmer used more than one pesticide brand containing the same pesticide, this was counted as one application event. Figure 3 shows that the number of applications per year is highest on vegetables, most notably Abamectin, Mancozeb, and Profenofos in long bean, Difenoconazole and Mancozeb in cabbage, and Maneb in chili. In vegetables such as chili, tomato, and broccoli, Profenofos and Mancozeb were applied 5-7 times/month on average. Application frequency was even higher in cabbage with an average frequency of 8 - 10 times per month. These two pesticides are typically used to control caterpillars, whiteflies, and mealy bugs (Profenofos), and leaf diseases such as leaf spot and rust (Mancozeb) (Derbalah et al., 2019). For rice, as the most surveyed crop, the application frequency is mostly less than once per month, or 1-3 times per growing season (3 - 4 months). Overall, Abamecetin, Mancozeb, Maneb, and Profenofos are pesticides that are applied at the highest frequency for most crops.