Note. CI = confidence interval. No religious attendance is defined as answering “never” to the question that “How often do you attend church or religious service per year?” (reference = 1 or more times); metabolic syndrome is defined based on the National Cholesterol Education Program/ATP III criteria as positive (= 1) for those having ≥ 3 of 5 metabolic disorders: abdominal obesity (waist circumference > 102 cm for men and > 88 cm for women; high blood pressure: systolic ≥ 130 mm Hg or diastolic ≥ 85 mm Hg; and hypertriglyceridemia (≥ 150 mg/dL), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (< 40 mg/dL), and high fasting glucose (≥ 110 mg/dL). Allostatic load is the sum of positive indicators of 14 markers of physiological disorder, including inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and others.47 Odds ratios (ORs) of inflammation and metabolic syndrome are presented, as well as incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of allostatic load, adjusting for race, education, family income, marital status, obesity, alcohol use, and chronic illnesses (and hypertension and cholesterol medications for metabolic syndrome and allostatic load).
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001; P values were determined by 2-sided test.