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\begin{document}

\title{Aged Tissues Bear the Hallmarks of Chronic Inflammation}



\author[1]{Alison Liu}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


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  \date{May 26, 2024}


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Chronic inflammation has been associated with numerous diseases, and
many old people suffer from chronic inflammatory illnesses; however, the
connections between age and inflammation are still obscure.

\par\null

Aging is marked by an overall decline of tissue and cellular functions.
At the cellular level, it is accompanied with damages to DNA, RNA, and
impairments of protein functions. Organisms can detect these damages and
elicit innate immune responses to remove aged, dying or dead cells, and
cell debris from tissues. However, as the cells of innate immunity age,
their reduced energy production may hinder the clearance processes,
which require energy, thus, the persistence of this debris in tissues,
resulting in subsequent inflammatory responses. Cytokines accumulated
during inflammation could further deteriorate local tissues and
accelerate the aging process.

\par\null

Benayoun et al.~\hyperref[csl:1]{(Benayoun et al., 2019)} used machine learning that is capable
of data-training, self-improvement, and prediction to investigate
epigenomic (three histone marks) and transcriptomic landscapes in mice
during the aging process and generated by far the~\emph{largest
datasets,} using multiple tissues such as heart, liver, cerebellum,
olfactory bulb, and primary culture of neural stem cells from young,
middle-aged, and old mice. The researchers determined epigenomic states
that could predict transcriptional changes at specific genomic loci
during aging. They found that, in all examined tissues, the interferon
response pathway was robustly activated, perhaps to detect DNA damages
and the expression of retrovirus-like transposons, and that multiple
innate immune pathways were also upregulated significantly. These
results strongly supported the conclusion that inflammation is a
commonly shared hallmark for vertebrate aging tissues.

\par\null

If we can reduce or prevent the inflammation process, aged tissues may
be rejuvenated and prolonged for their normal functions. These
transcription factors provide potential targets for pharmaceutical
development and therapeutic strategies for healthy aging.

\par\null

Author ORCiD

Alison Liu \url{https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0171-6441}

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\section*{References}\sloppy
\phantomsection
\label{csl:1}{Remodeling of epigenome and transcriptome landscapes with aging in mice reveals widespread induction of inflammatory responses}. (2019). \textit{Genome Research}, \textit{29}(4), 697–709. \url{https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.240093.118}

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