\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Water Mass Transformation Budgets in Finite-Volume Generalized Vertical
Coordinate Ocean Models}



\author[1]{Henri Francois Drake}%
\author[2]{Shanice Bailey}%
\author[3]{Raphael Dussin}%
\author[4]{Stephen M Griffies}%
\author[5]{John P Krasting}%
\author[6]{Graeme Alastair MacGilchrist}%
\author[7]{Geoffrey J Stanley}%
\author[6]{Jan-Erik Tesdal}%
\author[8]{Jan David Zika}%
\affil[1]{University of California, Irvine}%
\affil[2]{Unknown}%
\affil[3]{UCAR/GFDL}%
\affil[4]{GFDL, NOAA}%
\affil[5]{Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory}%
\affil[6]{Princeton University}%
\affil[7]{University of Victoria}%
\affil[8]{University of New South Wales}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 17, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Water mass transformation theory provides conceptual tools that in
principle enable innovative analyses of numerical ocean models; in
practice, however, these methods can be challenging to implement and
interpret, and therefore remain under-utilized. Most prior work
evaluates only some of the simpler or more accessible terms in the water
mass budget; meanwhile, the few full budget calculations in the
literature are either limited to idealized model configurations and
geometrically-simple domains or else have required heroic efforts that
are neither scalable to large data sets nor portable to other ocean
models or research questions. We begin with a pedagogical derivation of
key results of classical water mass transformation theory. We then
describe best practices for diagnosing each of the water mass budget
terms from the output of Finite-Volume Generalized Vertical Coordinate
(FV-GVC) ocean models, including the identification of a non-negligible
remainder term as the spurious numerical mixing due to advection scheme
discretization errors. We illustrate key aspects of the methodology
through an example application to diagnostics from a polygonal region of
a Baltic Sea regional configuration of the Modular Ocean Model v6
(MOM6). We verify the convergence of our WMT diagnostics by brute-force,
comparing time-averaged diagnostics on various vertical grids to
timestep-averaged diagnostics on the native model grid. Finally, we
briefly describe a stack of xarray-enabled Python packages for
evaluating WMT budgets in FV-GVC models, which is intended to be
model-agnostic and available for community use and development.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

