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\begin{document}

\title{Researchers identify neurons involved in the molting process in insects.}



\author[1]{Digests Admin}%
\affil[1]{Digests}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 29, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
This is a Digest of~\emph{Neuromodulatory connectivity defines the
structure of a behavioral neural network~\cite{Diao_2017}}%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


Why do animals behave the way they do? Behavior occurs in response to
signals from the environment, such as those indicating food or danger,
or signals from the body, such as those indicating hunger or thirst. The
nervous system detects these signals and triggers an appropriate
response, such as seeking food or fleeing a threat. But because much of
the nervous system takes part in generating these responses, it can make
it difficult to understand how even simple behaviors come about.

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\caption{{Motor neurons (in green) activate the muscles (purple) in the body of
fruit fly larvae.~Image provided
by~\href{https://elifesciences.org/articles/29797}{White et al}.
(\href{https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/}{CC BY~4.0})
{\label{228751}}%
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\end{figure}

One behavior that has been studied extensively is molting in insects.
Molting enables insects to grow and develop, and involves casting off
the outer skeleton of the previous developmental stage. To do this, the
insect performs a series of repetitive movements, known as an ecdysis
sequence. In the fruit fly, the pupal ecdysis sequence consists of three
distinct patterns rhythmic abdominal movement. A hormone called ecdysis
triggering hormone, or ETH for short, initiates this sequence by
triggering the release of two further hormones, Bursicon and CCAP. All
three hormones act on the nervous system to coordinate molting behavior,
but exactly how they do so is unclear.

\par\null

Diao et al. have now used genetic tools called Trojan exons to identify
the neurons of fruit flies on which these hormones act. Trojan exons are
short sequences of DNA that can be inserted into non-coding regions of a
target gene to mark or manipulate the cells that express it. When a cell
uses its copy of the target gene to make a protein, it also makes the
product encoded by the Trojan exon. Using this technique, Diao et al.
identified three sets of neurons that produce receptor proteins that
recognize the molting hormones. Neurons with ETH receptors start the
molting process by activating neurons that make Bursicon and CCAP.
Neurons with Bursicon receptors then generate motor rhythms within the
nervous system. Finally, neurons with CCAP receptors respond to these
rhythms and produce the abdominal movements of the ecdysis sequence.

\par\null

Many other animal behaviors depend on substances like ETH, Bursicon and
CCAP, which act within the brain to change the activity of neurons and
circuits. The work of Diao et al. suggests that identifying the sites at
which such substances act can help reveal the circuits that govern
complex behaviors.

\par\null

\emph{This digest was originally published at eLife~}\cite{1}
\emph{and is reproduced under a CC BY 4.0 license.}

\par\null

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