We performed Raman mapping (Horiba ExploRa+ 532 nm and 785 nm lasers) and XRF mapping (Horiba XGT-7200) at NHMLA on agates of known provenance that could later be compared to gemstones in the Borghese-Windsor Cabinet.  When examining the cryptocrystalline parts of agate from comparative collections, Brazilian agates (e.g. Figure \ref{265462} from NHMLA collection) had 8% or higher moganite concentration, whereas the Idar-Oberstein agate (on loan from NMNH) had less than 2% moganite.  No intermediate moganite percentages were observed for the specimens that were examined.  Well-crystallized areas and microcrystalline areas within the same agate had little to no moganite.  The moganite distribution in the agate is heterogeneous (e.g. Figure \ref{987331}), likely due to different growth stages and changing geological conditions during agate formation. Using the Raman maps, we were able to isolate the areas that contained moganite + quartz, and measure the ratios in those specific bands (e.g. Figure \ref{373140}).  This narrow-band approach to quartz:moganite determination was compared to broad-brand and whole-sample approaches,  and the narrow-band approach was shown to be more reproducible in distinguishing Brazilian from German agates.   Because moganite is isolated to select layers/bands within agate, care must be taken when evaluating quartz:moganite ratios for provenance or age analysis.  
These same agates from the Brazilian and German localities were then taken to CalTech to collect hyperspectral imaging data.  Imaging data were compared to the NHMLA laboratory Raman and XRF analyses, and correlation analysis of combined datasets from the three different experimental procedures allowed us to establish a unique characterization pattern for the different localities.   At the Getty Museum, we performed hyperspectral imaging of the entire cabinet (Figure \ref{620486}), and analyzed select drawers from the cabinet via large volume XRF.  These analyses will then be compared to the data collected from known localities to attempt to determine provenance of the Borghese-Windsor agates.  The procedure can be used to establish datasets for the other locations in the future.