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\begin{document}

\title{Meliponiculture~ in the Petenes Biosphere Reserve, Campeche~~~~~~~~}



\author[1]{Lucio Pat}%
\author[1]{Pablo Hernández Bahena}%
\author[2]{Lauren Nelson}%
\author[2]{Ernesto Llamas }%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[2]{Journal of Sketching Science}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 18, 2024}


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The Mayan peasant families that inhabit the Petenes Biosphere Reserve
(RBLP), combine both activities for self-sufficiency (\emph{i.e.} milpa,
family gardens, hunting) and commercial activities (\emph{i.e.}
beekeeping, livestock, handicrafts) which develop throughout the year.
These are part of a Pluriactivity strategy based on the use of
resources~\hyperref[csl:1]{[1]}. The main objective of this peasant
strategy is to guarantee family self-sufficiency through the production
of food from the milpa and secondly, to produce surplus food for sale.
In this context, the meliponiculture, or breeding of the native
stingless bee (ko'olel kaab bee,~\emph{Melipona beecheii}) in the RBLP,
is primarily an activity that complements the income of families for the
purchase of goods that they do not produce. Although the ko'olel kaab
honey is highly valued in the market, the bee's breeding is at risk of
disappearing in the Yucatan Peninsula~\hyperref[csl:2]{[2]}. The decline of
the meliponiculture by the Mayan peasants began with the introduction of
the European bee (Apis mellifera), at the beginning of the last century.
Initially,~ this species was introduced into the Yucatan peninsula by
entrepreneurs for the commercial production of honey, and later adopted
by the Mayan peasants. The substitution of the ko'olel kaab bee for the
European one was due to the higher honey yield per hive of the latter
species, even though each type of honey has different physical,
chemical, microbiological, and organoleptic characteristics. Other
factors associated with the decline of meliponiculture are:
deforestation and forest fragmentation, the expansion of agriculture and
livestock, the arrival of the African bee, the abandonment of the field
due to lack of employment and income alternatives, and finally, the poor
handling and reproduction of bees~\hyperref[csl:3]{[3]}.~\selectlanguage{english}
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In the RBLP, meliponiculture is at risk of disappearing as it is only
found in 6 of the 17 communities in the reserve. The meliponiculturists
comprise mostly of elderly men with low level education, and weak social
organisation. Likewise, there is a gradual loss of traditional knowledge
about the management of the ko'olel kaab bee. There is little interest
from young people, who usually migrate to cities to study or in search
of jobs~\hyperref[csl:4]{[4]}\hyperref[csl:5]{[5]}. Currently, the honey,
pollen and cerumen of the ko'olel kaab bee have a significantly higher
price than products derived from European bee. This is due to the high
demand of consumers who recognise their medicinal properties, and their
botanical origin. However, prices on the market favour, and are
controlled by,~ local and regional hoarders. The ways to favour Mayan
farmers are: the strengthening of their social organisations to add
value through productive diversification and the denomination of origin,
and the promotion of the technological management of bee colonies in
boxes to increase productivity, and improve the health of the products.
In addition, the cultural value of meliponiculture can also favour its
rescue.

\subsection*{}

{\label{360825}}

\subsection*{Contributions}

{\label{360825}}

Dr. Lucio Pat is a researcher at El Colegio de la Frontera Sur in
Campeche, Mexico. He studies regional development using
multidisciplinary approaches, food security, and apiculture. To know
more about beekeeping of the ko'olel kaab
bee~\href{http://aleph.ecosur.mx:8991/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/8DSM8K1Q55PRNURX1UVSNY6KYA2MXY.pdf\%C2\%A0}{click
here} (in Spanish). For more information about Dr. Pat's work
\href{https://www.ecosur.mx/academico/lpat/}{click here}.~

Pablo Hern\selectlanguage{ngerman}ández Bahena wrote the article.

Lauren Nelson edited the article.~Lauren is a Ph.D. student at Newcastle
University (UK), researching computational drug design alongside the
Northern Institute for Cancer Research. Lauren also writes a scientific
blog, bringing science to the masses. (Twitter
(\href{http://twitter.com/ashortscientist}{@ashortscientist}); Facebook
(\href{http://facebook.com/ashortscientist}{@ashortscientist});
Instagram
(\href{http://www.instagram.com/ashortscientist}{@ashortscientist});
Blog:~\href{http://ashortscientist.wordpress.com/}{ashortscientist.wordpress.com}).

Ernesto Llamas made the illustrations.~He obtained his Ph.D. in
Biotechnology from Universitat de Barcelona doing his research at the
Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics. Creator, editor, and
illustrator of Sketching Science.
(Twitter~\href{https://twitter.com/neto_flames?lang=en}{@neto\_flames};
Instagram~\href{https://www.instagram.com/eellamas/}{@eellamas}).

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\section*{References}\sloppy
\phantomsection
\label{csl:1}[1]V. Toledo, N. Barrera, E. García, and P. Alarcón, ``{Uso  múltiple y biodiversidad entre los mayas yucatecos (México)}'', \textit{Interciencia}, vol. 33, 2008.

\phantomsection
\label{csl:2}[2]R. Villanueva, D. Roubik, and W. Colli, ``{Extinction of Melipona beecheii and Traditional Beekeeping in the Yucatan Peninsula}'', \textit{Bee World}, vol. 86, 2005.

\phantomsection
\label{csl:3}[3]J. Quezada, W. May, and J. González, ``{Meliponiculture in Mexico: Problems and Perspective for Develop­ment}'', \textit{Bee World}, vol. 82, 2001.

\phantomsection
\label{csl:4}[4]``{Condición y perspectivas de la meliponicultura en comunidades mayas de la reserva de la biósfera Los Petenes,  Campeche, México}'', \textit{Estudios de cultura maya}, vol. 52, 2018.

\phantomsection
\label{csl:5}[5]L. Pat, P. Hernández, J. Pat, F. Guizar, and R. Ramos, \textit{{Cría y manejo tradicional de la abeja  Melipona beecheii (ko’olel kaab) en comunidades aledañas a la Reserva de la  Biosfera los Petenes, Campeche, México}}. 2018.

\end{document}

