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\begin{document}

\title{Finding the genetic footprint of the first Chilean dog}



\author[1]{Macarena Rojas-Abalos}%
\author[2]{Lauren Nelson}%
\author[2]{Ernesto Llamas }%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[2]{Journal of Sketching Science}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{ngerman}\subsection*{\texorpdfstring{For the first time, scientific evidence
supports the discussion for the first 100\% Chilean breed, the Chilean
Terrier. This breed is popularly known as the rat-hunting dog
or~\emph{Condorito}´s Dog.~ Despite being recognised as breed a few
years ago, research conducted in December 2016 provided information
about its genetic variability. This raised a problem among breeders and
``dog
lovers''.}{For the first time, scientific evidence supports the discussion for the first 100\% Chilean breed, the Chilean Terrier. This breed is popularly known as the rat-hunting dog or~Condorito´s Dog.~ Despite being recognised as breed a few years ago, research conducted in December 2016 provided information about its genetic variability. This raised a problem among breeders and dog lovers.}}

{\label{229773}}

The Chilean Terrier is known for its hysteric personality, being both
grumpy and nervous, although breeders and owners describe them as
loving, easy going, and very adaptable. The Terrier, specifically the
Fox Terrier, is of English origin and came to Chile during the time of
the Colony when Spanish immigrants brought certain dog breeds with them.
It wasn't long before these European canines started to cross with
Creole dogs. This mixture became what is now scientifically recognised
as the first Chilean dog, the Chilean Terrier.~

Dr Paola Mujica who researches in Silvoagropecuarian and Veterinary
Sciences at the University of Chile, never imagined when she started her
research eight years ago that she would identify the first canine breed
from Chile. ``Until that moment {[}the Chilean terrier{]} was considered
a mixture, and it was not recognised as a breed by the Kennel Club Chile
(KCC), an organisation that keeps\textbf{~}an official genealogical
record, registering dogs of pure breed in Chile. On the other hand, I
discovered that in 2007 the Chilean National terrier club formed and
this body establishes how a Chilean terrier should be, defining a
standard and its pedigree''. It was at that moment Paola decided to
undertake this research, conducted at the Favet-Inbiogen laboratory.
``Firstly~we met with the president of the Kennel Club to convince them
of the importance of the research. They were so motivated by our
proposal that they allowed me to go to the exhibitions and registry
sessions to take samples; that was the only way I could access dogs from
all over the country''.

After the standards which the canine population must abide by were
established, the selection of certain traits began.~ The trait needed to
be something which threatened its variability, and would effect a
long-term characteristic which these dogs could have acquired during
their development, until at least 200 years ago. ``The main aims of my
doctoral work were to determine the impact of the recent selection on
the Chilean Terrier, to preserve the variability of this new national
breed, and contribute to its right to be internationally recognised'',
she added.

Paola managed to characterise and determine the structure and genetic
variability of this breed, taking representative samples of 24 founding
dogs; those for whom there was no record, or whose parents not
registered. This analysis was conducted through genotyping of SNPs
(Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms), using a platform which can identify
variants of 1.700 markers described in this species. This work was
published on the University of Chile
website:~\citep{2011}~\href{http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/131371/Determinaci\%C3\%B3n-de-la-variabilidad-gen\%C3\%A9tica-en-el-Terrier-Chileno-mediante-el-uso-de-microsat\%C3\%A9lites.pdf?sequence=1}{Determination
of genetic variability in the Chilean Terrier using microsatellites}.~

\par\null

``Indeed it is a different population from the Americans or Europeans,
although the Chilean terrier does appear physically similar to dogs such
as the Rat terrier in the US or the Jack Russel in the UK. These are
dogs which could be confused with the Chilean Terrier. The information
generated in this study provided important records about the recent
evolutive history of this breed, contributing to the correct management
of the population'', added Paola.

\par\null\par\null\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Condorito1/Condorito}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

~\textbf{~}

\subsection*{Dog lovers?}

{\label{556449}}

Paola noted ~that peculiarly these dogs have preserved great genetic
variability, something not common in pure breeds due to human
intervention. The main aim of her research was to characterise this
genetic variability, and attempt to define the genetic diversity present
in the dogs, determining which characteristic/s should be kept when
breeding. ``The selective breeding of dogs is a historical problem as it
is conducted according to a breed standard trait, or a particular
phenotype which goes against population diversity''.

Selection can be made in two ways: 1) crossing with a related animal, or
2) by using the same male who has desirable characteristics (according
to the standard) to breed numerous times. In both cases the results lead
to high inbreeding rates and low population diversity. ``We know from
scientific research, that there are breeds which have been under the
management of breeders for 100 years and have high levels of inbreeding,
causing an increase in the frequency of genetic diseases like cataracts
or deafness. These diseases are present in almost every breed
worldwide''. An example of this can be observed in the German Shepherd,
one of the most common breeds in Chile. ``These animals have been
selected so their hips are lower in relation to their shoulders, because
the standard describes it this way, but it is insane! As a result, the
incidence of joint problems has increased, and hip dysplasia is observed
regularly'', added Paola.

These diseases are often not visible immediately as the genes which code
for them are associated with more than one characteristic, such as fur
colour and hearing. This is the case of the Bull terrier. When the Bull
terrier's standard was defined, it enhanced the existence of completely
white dogs. However, the breeders didn't know genetics would be more
complex. The excess of white colouring is related to deafness in this
breed. ``Breeders who make these crosses tend not to know about genes
that could be associated, inadvertently selecting other characteristics
which could be negative for the population''.

Although these practices have led to some animals developing chronic
diseases, for many the selection of traits serves to embellish the breed
or to retain the original characteristic of these animals. This is why
the regulation of breeding must be strengthened, relying on scientific
research like that conducted by Dr Mujica. ``One asks, how did they get
to this? Despite it being nonsensical for it to continue this way, (even
more so when there are visible problems such as hip dysplasia) there are
events/beauty shows which involve many people and a lot of money. The
lack of a severe regulation will continue to encourage the inbreeding of
dogs, leading to genetic diseases. Unfortunately, there are people
involved in that world who aren't~\emph{dog lovers}''. Besides, Paola
added ``at International level,~ regulation is scarce and it has been
difficult to get these scientific findings to be taken into
consideration''. The World Canine Organization (FCI, the acronym of its
name in French), who are the maximum authority abroad, judges the beauty
contests and don't always consider that rewarding certain
characteristics~ can be detrimental to a dog's health. ``If the judges
began to prefer healthier characteristics, breeders would breed based on
that. People wouldn't cross a dog that could lead to offspring with
diseases. However, if this unhealthy dog continues winning contests,
people will keep breeding them'' she emphasised.~ ~

Paola added that some years ago the FCI began work with veterinary
groups and researchers, to discuss alterations which had developed due
the intensive selection of dogs. ``There is interest towards the
generation of policies which aim to revert the undesirable phenotypes
for health concerns, regardless of whether the standard demands it.
That's what we need to replicate in Chile''.

In terms of official records, the Chilean Terrier is a young breed with
only 10 years of management.~The Chilean terrier doesn't yet present
described genetic diseases which could be associated with a certain
phenotype or visible characteristic. Hence this research is even more
important, as defining a consanguinity level could help to prevent such
diseases. ``This work represents an objective measure which we have to
take into consideration so as to not reach that point'', Paola
summarised.

\subsection*{The Importance of the 100\%
Chilean}

{\label{806932}}

Determining whether the Chilean Terrier is a Criollo breed is not only
important for people who love these animals, but it also helps to
preserve a representative history of Chile. ``These animals were not
artificially bred to fulfil certain roles, such that has happened to the
English Bulldog. This breed formed by itself. The Chilean Terrier is
super tough, well adapted to the territory, and therefore very
healthy''.

This breed, known as the rat-hunter dog in the countryside or the
Condorito's Dog in popular culture, has shown high adaptability to
Chile's diverse geography as it is located throughout the country. This
feature Chile's idiosyncrasy and provides a great motive to help
preserve the breed's genetic diversity.

\par\null

Last year the KCC began taking measures to encourage the genetic
protection of~the crossbreeding of dogs. Its director commented, `they
have restrictions regarding the consanguinity, maximum and minimum
reproductive age, and the colour associated with genetic diseases'. ``In
2016 we conducted a Cynology course in which topics such as standards,
genetics and animal health were discussed. This course was also given to
breeders from provinces. In addition, we had a session about genetics
with Dr. Roberto Santoianni, who explained to breeders the importance of
genetics for healthy breeding''.

~

\par\null

\subsection*{Contributions}

{\label{836792}}\par\null

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Macarena Rojas-Abalos wrote the article. Macarena studied the
  undergraduate program in Biological Sciences and a masters in Written
  Press, both at the Pontificia Universidad Cat\selectlanguage{ngerman}ólica de Chile. Graduate
  program in Management of Projects at the Universidad Politécnica de
  Catalunya. She is in charge of press and member of the direction
  ``Nexos Chile-USA''. Editor and writer
  at~\href{http://chilecientifico.com/}{ChileCientífico}.~(Twitter~\href{https://twitter.com/mrojas_abalos}{@mrojas\_abalos};
  ChileCientífico~\url{http://chilecientifico.com/author/macarena-rojas-abalos/}).
\item
  Paulina Huanca translated the article from Spanish to English.~
  (Twitter ~\href{https://twitter.com/pauhuanca}{@pauhuanca}).~ ~ ~
\item
  Lauren Nelson edited the article.~Lauren is a Ph.D. student at
  Newcastle University (UK), researching computational drug design
  alongside the Northern Institute for Cancer Research. Lauren also
  writes a scientific blog aiming to stop science from seeming so
  boring.
  (Twitter~\href{http://twitter.com/ashortscientist}{@ashortscientist};
  Instagram~\href{http://www.instagram.com/ashortscientist}{@ashortscientist};
  Blog:~\href{http://ashortscientist.wordpress.com/}{ashortscientist.wordpress.com}),
\item
  Ernesto Llamas made the illustration. He obtained his Ph.D. in
  Biotechnology from Universitat de Barcelona doing his research at the
  Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics. Creator of Sketching
  Science.
  (Instagram~\href{https://www.instagram.com/eellamas/}{@eellamas}).
\end{itemize}

\par\null

\par\null

~

~

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