We take very many stories about what humans know to know. They are written in a way that is hard for a computer to study, so we move them to an easy-to-study way. We train the computer to learn to know what the pieces of the stories mean - their words and inner forms.Up-goer Five entry: herePhD proposal: Designing Definition Discovery - Read, Recognize, Reflect, Repeat

Up-goer Five EntryThe body is made up of lots of cells and cells have sticks that make them what they are. Normal cells have a normal number of cell sticks. Bad cells, which can kill a body, have the wrong number of cell sticks. More cell sticks in a cell can cause cell problems that can lead to even more cells sticks in a cell. When this happens more cells take over a body and kill it. Some cell sticks when added cause new changes to happen in a cell as well that can lead to a problem when all cell sticks have to be given to new cells.  Peer-Reviewed PublicationCancer cells display aneuploid karyotypes and typically mis-segregate chromosomes at high rates, a phenotype referred to as chromosomal instability (CIN). To test the effects of aneuploidy on chromosome segregation and other mitotic phenotypes we used the colorectal cancer cell line DLD1 (2n = 46) and two variants with trisomy 7 or 13 (DLD1+7 and DLD1+13), as well as euploid and trisomy 13 amniocytes (AF and AF+13). We found that trisomic cells displayed higher rates of chromosome mis-segregation compared to their euploid counterparts. Furthermore, cells with trisomy 13 displayed a distinctive cytokinesis failure phenotype. We showed that up-regulation of SPG20 expression, brought about by trisomy 13 in DLD1+13 and AF+13 cells, is sufficient for the cytokinesis failure phenotype. Overall, our study shows that aneuploidy can induce chromosome mis-segregation. Moreover, we identified a trisomy 13-specific mitotic phenotype that is driven by up-regulation of a gene encoded on the aneuploid chromosome. From \cite{Nicholson_2015}.

Con motivo de la reciente OpenCon Santiago 2017, queremos demostrar nuestra inquietud respecto a diversos temas relacionados con la difusión y comunicación del conocimiento, así como la valoración de su producción, donde a la fecha no ha existido una discusión en los espacios oficiales para ello. Esta situación se hace más crítica al no haberse considerado como uno de los puntos a discutir en el proyecto de creación del nuevo Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de Chile.

We demonstrate that attention flows manifest knowledge, and the distance (similarity) between crypto economies has predictive power to understand whether a fork or fierce competition within the same token space will be a destructive force or not. When dealing with hundreds of currencies and thousands of tokens investors have to face a very practical constraint: attention quickly becomes a scarce resource. To understand the role of attention in trustless markets we use Coase's theorem. For the theorem to hold, the conditions that the crypto communities that will split should meet are: (i)Well defined property rights: the crypto investor owns his attention; (ii) Information symmetry: it is reasonable to assume that up to the moment of the hard fork market participants are at a level ground in terms of shared knowledge. Specialization (who becomes the expert on each new digital asset) will come later; (iii) Low transaction costs: Just before the chains split there is no significant cost in switching attention. Other factors (such as mining profitability) will play a role after the fact, and any previous conditions (e.g. options sold on the future new assets) are mainly speculative. The condition of symmetry refers to the “common knowledge” available at t-1 where all that people know is the existing asset. Information asymmetries do exist at the micro level -we cannot assume full efficiency because transaction costs are really never zero. Say’s Law states that at the macro level, aggregate production inevitably creates an equal aggregate demand. Since a fork is really an event at the macroeconomic level (in this case, the economy of bitcoin cash vs the economy of bitcoin), the aggregate demand for output is determined by the aggregate supply of output — there is a supply of attention before there was demand for attention. The Economic Complexity Index (ECI) introduced by Hidalgo and Hausmann allows to predicting future economic growth by looking at the production characteristics of the economy as a whole, rather than as the sum of its parts i.e. the present information content of the economy is a predictor of future growth. Say’s Law and the ECI approach are about aggregation of dispersed resources, and that’s what makes those relevant to the study of decentralized systems. While economic complexity is measured by the mix of products that countries are able to make, crypto economy complexity depends on the remixing of activities. Some services are complex because few crypto economies consume them, and the crypto economies that consume those tend to be more diversified. We should differentiate between the structure of output (off-chain events) vs aggregated output (on-chain, strictly transactional events). It can be demonstrated that crypto economies tend to converge to the level of economic output that can be supported by the know-how that is embedded in their economy — and is manifested by attention flows. Therefore, it is likely that a crypto economy complexity is a driver of prosperity when complexity is greater than what we would expect, at a given level of investment return. As members of the community specialize in different aspects of the economy, the structure of the network itself becomes an expression of the composition of attention output. We use genetic programming to find drivers — in other words, to learn the rankings. Such a ranking score function has the form, returns_tokenA > returns_tokenB = f (sources_tokenA > sources_tokenB). Ultimately, the degree of complexity is an issue of trust or lack thereof, and that is what the flow of attention and its conversion into transactional events reveal.

In the summer of 2017, we conducted a survey to assess scientists' opinions on the value and potential barriers related to reading and reviewing preprints at journal clubs. In this short article we present and discuss the results of the survey as well as how these results helped us shape our approach at PREreview.

Simon James Goring*1¶, Kaitlin Stack Whitney2¶, Emilio M. Bruna3,4, Aerin L. Jacob⁵, Timothée Poisot⁶ ¹Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America ²Science, Technology, & Society Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, United States of America ³Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America ⁴Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America ⁵Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative, Canmore, Alberta, Canada ⁶Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada *Corresponding Author E-mail: goring@wisc.edu (SG) ¶ These authors contributed equally to this work.

Plants, animals and humans are adapted to Earth's rotationFor many years we have known that living organisms, including humans, have an internal biological clock that helps them anticipate and adapt to the regular rhythm of the day.  For example, the mimosa plant opens its leaves towards the sun during the daytime and closes them at dusk; and dogs sleep at night and remain pretty active during the daytime. The circadian rhythm – from the Latin words circa meaning "around" and dies meaning "day" – explains how plants, animals and humans adapt their biological rhythm so that it is synchronized with oscillations of day and night caused by Earth's rotations \cite{release}.These circadian rhythms are ancient and highly conserved throughout evolution. Circadian rhythms have been observed in unicellular organisms, including fungi, as well as plants, insects, rodents, and humans. This suggests that the ability to optimize behavior according to the amount of light in our environment has been incredibly important for the success of organisms \cite{ibez}... so important, that a group of scientists was recently awarded a Nobel Prize for discovering more about how this all works.

Web DesignIl web design è il futuro del grafico  pubblicitario e della pubblicità stessa, come si è potuto constatare nell'ultimo decennio con l'avvento degli smartphone.Prima per accedere al web serviva un pc e si era vincolati dal dover essere fisicamente a casa, mentre ora ovunque ci si trovi, si ha pieno accesso ad esso.Vista l'importanza abbiamo deciso di esaminare i  siti  delle principali  marche di smartphone Android, quali "LG", "Samsung" e "Huawei".

Suppose we were to treat the Lagrangians of the theories we wish to unite as coordinates in a space of Lagrangians. In this space the Lagrangians for general relativity (Einstein-Hilbert), the standard model, and the dark sector act as coordinate axes. From here a functional derivative equation is set up for a functional, T, which gives as a result another functional, U, which denotes the Lagrangian for our universe. From there the action (𝒮) due to U is computed and shown to converge even at infinite energy. Finally with 𝒮 a generating functional for all possible interactions is computed and a one inch equation of everything is given(Z = ei𝒮). It is the assertion of this paper that with the generating functional detailed herein one may compute any physical quantity of interest including gravitational and dark sector corrections and arrive at a finite result. Specifically graviton-graviton and graviton photon interactions are shown to result in finite observable quantities. It is noted that this is a fully worked out model where GR and QFT are treated on an equal footing by relativizing QFT, or put simply GR=QFT.

   Lugrin R., Nyffeler C., and Ruas M.    Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne  Introduction In populated areas noise can be one of the major sources of pollution. If the presence of noise seems to go hand in hand with urban areas the introduction of vegetation could possibly reduce the discomfort it can cause to people and the possible effects it has on their health. The aim of this paper is therefore to study the correlation, which exists between greenness in urban areas and noise levels that can be measured both during day and night.As of now several studies have been published, which try to relate the presence of vegetation noise levels and the impact both have on the population. One work by Donald Aylor \cite{Aylor_1972} explored the way different types of vegetation hindered the effects of noise in the presence of different environmental factors (Wind, soil among others). After the observations, models were developed to further enlarge the scope of the study. Results showed vegetation could effectively reduce loudness. The effectiveness of this reduction relied heavily on the vegetation's structure: foliage, stems, ground structure.Another work \cite{Dzhambov_2015} aimed to link the presence of green areas with the attenuation of both psychological stress and physical health issues related to noise pollution. A survey was conducted correlating the presence of greenness and the perception of noise the population had. Results showed that the "Noise sensitivity" was clearly reduced when the access to green spaces was increased.For the present study the initial statement is that in areas with elevated greenness the noise decreases.  The area of study is the municipality of Vernier (Geneva, Switzerland). Day and night levels of noise were measured and a correlation was established with the green areas of the municipality based on satellite pictures in order to verify the hypothesis mentionned above.Data Several raster and vector layers around the municipality of Vernier were used.Four orthophotos cover the zone of interest. They are RVB images already georeferenced and have a ground resolution of 0.5 meter. They probably originate from the federal office of topography Swisstopo but this is not clearly mentioned in the data, likewise for the height model. This height model has a ground resolution of 1 meter.The noise data is provided by the Swiss noise databas \cite{nokey_f47c8}. The information is given in a raster file. It contains values of noise that were predicted by models and calculations based on noise sources data, traffic, urban fabric and terrain configuration  \cite{nokey_ecc2a}. Noise attenuation due to vegetation has not been taken into account to produce this databaseThe boundary of the municipality is stored in a shapefile as a polygon. It is projected according to the Swiss coordinates system SCR EPSG21781 as all the other georeferenced files used here.Methods  In order to obtain the results needed to do the study, both QGIS and GeoDa softwares were used following the respective "QGIS User Guide"\cite{nokey_13188} and "GeoDa User Guide" \cite{nokey_9ebde}. The data needed for the analysis was obtained from four RVB satellite images encompassing the municipality of Vernier, two raster layers with the sound levels around the municipality of interest, and one vector layer defining the boundaries of Vernier. All this content was imported to QGIS. A Virtual Raster Catalogue was then created to merge the four RVB images. Using the style properties of the catalog, both Red and Blue bands were removed so that only the green band remained visible. This allowed to keep only the reflectance information of the area, which is important to detect the vegetation. After that a 50x50m grid was created with its extent around the limits of the municipality of Vernier. With this grid all information contained in the green band raster and the day and night rasters was gathered in one single attribute table: levels of sound during day and night and of greenness in the area selected. This task was performed using the zonal statistical tool. Then, the main tool of analysis was created, namely selecting only the cells confined within the boundaries of the municipality to extract precisely the information of interest. This operation was made possible with the "Spatial Query" tool available in QGIS.In GeoDa this finer grid was exploited to extract both box maps and scatter plots. Those allow to establish comparisons between the different values of greenness and sound. They are also of interest to verify the spatial correlation between the levels of vegetation and noise, which allow for the verification of the hypothesis.Results The average values of each dataset for the commune of Vernier are shown in table \ref{350700}. There is quite a high range of values for the vegetation indicator, while the sound values for both day and night vary less. The data obtained during nighttime shows lower values as during daytime.

A document by Noemi Romano, written on Authorea.

This postmortem report will provide all readers with important information about the Open Science workshop which took place in Vienna, Austria on the 20th of September 2017. The workshop was organised by the Open Innovation in Science Research and Competence Center, Open Access Austria, Austrian Transition to Open Access and Open Knowledge Austria. All authors of this document participated at this Open Science workshop and contributed to the report in a collaborative writing effort. In this report, readers will find an overview about the Open Science Workshop structure, presented content of the workshop, all slides pictures, social media interactions and everything we have learned from organising this highly important workshop on Open Science.

* All authors contributed equally.After the conference We Scientists Shape Science organized by the Swiss Academy of Sciences in Bern in January, 2017, several participants of the Scientific Careers workshop came together to present what we found were highly relevant points of discussion, including concrete proposals for action.  

This is a preprint journal club review of Cortical Representations of Speech in a Multi-talker Auditory Scene by Krishna C Puvvada, Jonathan Z Simon. The preprint was originally posted on bioRxiv on April 10, 2017 (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/124750). The authors have responded to this review, and you can find the comments on bioRxiv. The article is now published in The Journal of Neuroscience (DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0938-17.2017).  

Published in "Latitudinal Controls on Stratigraphic Models and Sedimentary Concepts", SEPM Special Publication 108, September 2017, DOI: 10.2110/sepmsp.108.02. Accompanying data and code available at https://github.com/zsylvester/channel_sinuosities.Abstract Using a script that automatically calculates sinuosity and radius of curvature for multiple bends on sinuous channel centerlines, we have assembled a new data set that allows us to reevaluate the relationship between latitude and submarine channel sinuosity. Sinuosity measurements on hundreds of channel bends from nine modern systems suggest that there is no statistically significant relationship between latitudinal position and channel sinuosity. In addition, for the vast majority of submarine channels on Earth, using flow velocities that are needed to transport the coarse-grained sediment found in channel thalwegs, estimates of the curvature-based Rossby number are significantly larger than unity. In contrast, low flow velocities that characterize the upper parts of turbidity currents in submarine channels located at high latitudes can easily result in Rossby numbers of less than one; this is the reason why levee deposits are often highly asymmetric in such channels. However, even in channels with asymmetric levees, the sinuosity of the thalweg is often obvious and must have developed as the result of an instability driven by the centrifugal force. Analysis of a simple centerline-evolution model shows that the increase in channel curvature precedes the increase in sinuosity and that low sinuosities are already associated with large curvatures. This suggests that the Coriolis effect is unlikely to be responsible for the low sinuosities observed in certain systems.Keywordssubmarine channels, Coriolis force, sinuosity, curvatureIntroduction Submarine channels are common—and often beautifully sinuous— geomorphic features of the Earth’s seafloor that serve as important conduits of sediment transport from rivers and shallow water to the continental slope and basin floor. In addition to their role in the large- scale redistribution of clastic sediment, they often correspond to locations of thick and relatively coarse-grained accumulations that can host commercially significant hydrocarbon reservoirs. Ever since it was recognized that these features exist \citep{Henry_W_Menard_Jr_2__1955} and that their planform patterns can be remarkably similar to the meandering shapes familiar from rivers \citep{Damuth_1983,Clark_1992} the assumption has been that the relevant physical processes are fundamentally the same across the globe and, therefore, there is no need for facies and architecture models of submarine channels that are specific for different latitudes.  This line of thinking has been challenged by \citet{Peakall_2011}, who have looked at the relationship between submarine channel sinuosity and latitude and suggested that channels closer to the poles had lower peak sinuosities. They concluded that this is largely due to the Coriolis force having a stronger influence at high latitudes. Experimental work relying on a rotating flume tank showed that at low Rossby numbers (that is, when the Coriolis force is larger than the centrifugal force) turbidity currents do behave differently from the conventional model \citep{Cossu_2010,Cossu_2010a,Cossu_2012}. Building on these and similar experimental results, \citet{Cossu_2015} proposed that channel systems of the Cretaceous Cerro Toro Formation, exposed in southern Chile and deposited at high paleo latitude, display low sinuosity and an asymmetric stratigraphic structure due to the Coriolis effect.In a comment on the \citet{Peakall_2011} study, we have presented evidence that the apparent pole-ward decrease in submarine channel sinuosity is unrelated to the Coriolis force \citep{Sylvester_2013}. In the present article we expand on these ideas and present additional analysis (1) of an improved and more consistent channel sinuosity measurement and (2) of the magnitude of different forces as a function of channel size and flow behavior. In addition, we briefly discuss the impact of the Coriolis effect on overbank deposits, which is an important latitudinal effect in these systems.

কাকে বলে রোগী কেন্দ্রিক চিকিৎসা? একটি চিকিৎসার কাহিনিএকটি অভিজ্ঞতার গল্প শুনুন। মাস দুয়েক আগের কথা। বাড়িতে শীর্ষাসন করতে গিয়ে মনে হয় ঘাড়ে আঘাত পেয়েছিলাম। প্রথম দু-একদিন ঘাড়ে অল্প ব্যথা করছিল । তারপর একদিন মাঝরাতে পিঠের যন্ত্রণায় ঘুম ভেঙে গেল। পিঠের ডান দিকে যন্ত্রণা হচ্ছিল, ডানহাতের বুড়ো আঙুলে সাড় ছিল না, হাত দুর্বল; তখন মনে হল কাঁধে গরম জলের ব্যাগ দিয়ে রাখি, তাহলে হয়ত আরাম হবে। জল ফুটিয়ে ব্যাগে যেই পুরতে গেছি, ফুটন্ত জল চলকে আমার ডান হাতে পড়ল, অমনি হাতের চামড়া ঝলসে গেল । একে সপ্তাহের শেষ, তায় অত রাতে ডাক্তার পাওয়া যাবে না, হাসপাতাল আমার বাড়ি থেকে বড় শহরে একশ কিলোমিটার দূরে, অতএব নিজের  প্রাথমিক চিকিৎসা  নিজেকেই করতে হল। কোন রকমে দুদিন গেল।  ততদিনে দেখা গেল যে হাতে বেশ বড়সড় একটা ফোসকা পড়েছে। ঝলসানো চামড়ার ও ফোসকার ড্রেসিং করাতে আমার পরিচিত একটি  ক্লিনিকে গেলাম। সেখানে  এক অপরিচিতা নার্স আমার চিকিৎসা করলেন। তিনি ড্রেসিং করার সময় থমথমে মুখে কাগজ দেখে মন দিয়ে কাজ করে গেলেন, আমার সঙ্গে একটি কথাও বললেন না। আমার কেমন যেন অস্বস্তি হচ্ছিল যে তাঁর সামনে একজন মানুষ বসে আছে, সে মাঝে মাঝে যন্ত্রণায় আর্তনাদ করে উঠছে, তাকে আমল দেওয়া দূরের কথা, যন্ত্রণা হচ্ছে কি না, একবার জিজ্ঞেসও করলেন না, খস খস করে কাঁচি দিয়ে, এমন ভাবে পোড়া চামড়া কেটে দগদগে কাটা ঘায়ের ওপর মলম আর পটি দিয়ে ড্রেসিং করলেন হাতটা যেন শরীরের বাইরের কোন একটা অংশ, তারপর নিপুণ হাতে পরিপাটি করে ব্যাণ্ডেজ বেঁধে দিলেন। দিয়ে  আমাকে মৃদু শাসনের সুরে বললেন, এই ভাল করে ড্রেসিং করে দিলাম, বাইরে বসে একটু জিরিয়ে নিয়ে বাড়ি চলে যান। দেখবেন যেন একটুও জল লাগাবেন না, সাত দিনে সেরে যাবে।চিকিৎসা শুরু হবার দশ দিনের মাথায় হাতের ঘা সেরে গেল, পটি খোলা হল। আমি সুস্থ হলাম। আমার চিকিৎসা যে চিকিৎসক, ফিজিওথেরাপিস্টরা,  নার্স-রা করেছেন তাঁরা সকলে অভিজ্ঞ ও দক্ষ, তাঁদের পেশাগত নৈপুণ্য প্রশ্নাতীত, ক্লিনিকটি  পরিষ্কার পরিচ্ছন্ন, তাতে প্রায় যত রকমের আধুনিক ব্যবস্থা থাকা প্রত্যাশিত সব ছিল। আমার দেশ, নিউজিল্যাণ্ডে, সরকার দেশের মানুষের চিকিৎসার ব্যয়ভার বহন করেন, তাই আমার চিকিৎসার মোট খরচ নামমাত্র, এবং আমি যথাসময়ে কোন রকম গোলমাল ছাড়াই পুরোপুরি ভাল হয়েও গেছি ।তথাপি সেদিনের নার্স ভদ্রমহিলার কাছে পাওয়া সেই নৈর্বক্তিক নিদান বলুন কি দাওয়াই, আমার মনে দাগ কেটে গেল । ব্যাণ্ডেজ করা হাতের ভেতরের যন্ত্রণা সহ্য যেমন করেছি, তেমনি আমি নিজেকে প্রশ্ন করেছি, এই যে চিকিৎসা পেলাম, এ চিকিৎসা প্রকৃত গুণমান কিভাবে বিবেচনা করব? এ চিকিৎসার গুণমান যদি নিরূপণ করতে হয়, রোগী হিসেবে তাতে চিকিৎসা পেতে গিয়ে আমার মনে যে অসন্তোষ দেখা দিল তাকে কি উপেক্ষা করব? কেন? চিকিৎসার মান শুধু কি শারীরিক ভাবে সুস্থ হয়ে যাওয়া দিয়ে বিচার করা হবে? বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থার সংজ্ঞা অনুযায়ী স্বাস্থ্য কেবল শরীরের রোগমুক্তি নয়, মন ভাল হওয়া, সামাজিক ভাবে সুস্থ থাকা, সবকিছু নিয়ে \cite{3075921}। তাই যদি হবে, তাহলে রোগীর প্রতি চিকিৎসকের নৈর্বক্তিক আচার আচরণকে, যে আচরণে রোগী বিমর্ষ বোধ করেন, চিকিৎসার মান নির্ধারণে তাকেও বিচার করে দেখতে  হবে নিশ্চয়ই? কোন উপায়ে গোটা বিষয়টিকে মাপা যেতে পারে? চিকিৎসা করতে গিয়ে রোগীর পরিপ্রেক্ষিত বিচার না করা হলে সে চিকিৎসা কি মানবিক? গুণ নিরূপণ করতে গেলে সে চিকিৎসা ভাল না মন্দ? ভাল চিকিৎসার "ভাল" ব্যাপারটি কাকে বলে? অন্যদিকে  কিভাবে ভাল চিকিৎসা-প্রতিষ্ঠান চিনব? কিভাবে ভাল স্বাস্থ্য ব্যবস্থাকে চিহ্নিত করব? কিভাবে চিকিৎসার মান নিরূপণ শুধু নয়, মাপযোক করব? এই বিষয়টি নিয়ে আলোচনাই এই লেখার উদ্দেশ্য।চিকিৎসা ব্যবস্থার ও চিকিৎসার গুণমান কেন বিচার করব?আমাদের সকলের -- রোগী, চিকিৎসক, নার্স, অন্যান্য স্বাস্থ্য পরিষেবা যাঁরা দিই, এমনকি সরকারের পরিপ্রেক্ষিতেও, চিকিৎসা-ব্যবস্থার গুণমান বিচার খুঁটিয়ে দেখার একটা প্রয়োজন আছে। আমরা সবসময় চিকিৎসা ব্যবস্থা থাকা সত্ত্বেও তার সহজে নাগাল  পাই না। প্রায়ই চিকিৎসা এত সময় ও অর্থ সাপেক্ষ হয়ে পড়ে, আমরা চিকিৎসা করাতে পারি না। আবার যখন পারি, তখন নিখুঁত কারিগরের হাতে সংবেদনহীন, নৈর্বক্তিক, ও আন্তরিকতাহীন চিকিৎসা আমাদের অনেককেই সহ্য করতে হয়। আমরা যারা রোগী, তারা প্রচুর সময় ও অর্থ ব্যয় করি; তা সত্ত্বেও যে চিকিৎসা  পরিষেবা আমরা পাই তাতে আমাদের কথা কতটুকু বিচার বিবেচনা করা হয়?চিকিৎসা পরিষেবার কথা বললে তিনটি স্তরে "চিকিৎসার" কথা বলা হয়। আমারদের দেশের পরিকাঠামোয় চিকিৎসা পরিষেবা তিনটি পৃথক স্তরে দেওয়া হয় -- প্রাথমিক, মাধ্যমিক, এবং বিশেষজ্ঞ-কেন্দ্রিক চিকিৎসা ব্যবস্থা। প্রাথমিক স্তরে মূলত প্রতিষেধ-মূলক চিকিৎসা বা পরিবার কেন্দ্রিক চিকিৎসার ব্যবস্থা করা হয় । আমাদের দেশে যাঁরা সাধারণ ডাক্তারবাবু, পারিবারিক ডাক্তার, পাড়ার ডাক্তার, "ডাক্তার কাকু/জেঠু", যাঁরা বরাবর আমাদের পরিবারের কাছাকাছি থেকে চিকিৎসা করেছেন, জ্বর জারি হলে প্রথমে তাঁদের কাছে যাওয়া হয়, টিকা দিতে হলে তাঁদের শরণাপন্ন হতে হয়, এ হল সেই স্তর। এঁদের পরে মাধ্যমিক স্তরে যে ধরণের পরিষেবা দেওয়া হয় তাতে অপেক্ষাকৃত জটিল অসুখের দ্রুত নির্ধারণ ও চিকিৎসা করার ব্যবস্থা করতে হবে। তা পারিবারিক চিকিৎসকরাও করতে পারেন, বা "সাধারণ" (এখানে সাধারণ বলতে বিশেষ রোগের হাসপাতাল নয় এরকম হাসপাতাল) হাসপাতালে গিয়ে চিকিৎসা করা যেতে পারে। এর মধ্যে ওষুধের মাধ্যমে চিকিৎসা, শল্য চিকিৎসা, স্ত্রীরোগ, ধাত্রীবিদ্যা সংক্রান্ত চিকিৎসা, শিশুদের চিকিৎসা পড়ে। সরকারী হাসপাতাল, বেসরকারী নার্সিং হোম, হাসপাতাল এই ধরণের জায়গায় মানুষ চিকিৎসা করাতে যান। এর পরবর্তী  স্তরে খুব জটিল রোগের বিশেষজ্ঞ স্তরের চিকিৎসা। প্রাথমিক বা মাধ্যমিক স্তরে রোগ সারানো না গেলে মানুষকে নানা ভাবে রোগমুক্তি বা বিশেষ ক্ষেত্রে অঙ্গ- প্রতিস্থাপনার বন্দোবস্ত করা, জটিল অস্ত্রোপচার, এই ধরণের চিকিৎসা এর লক্ষ্য। এই ধরণের চিকিৎসা প্রযুক্তিগত দিক থেকে জটিল ও ব্যয়সাপেক্ষ, এর চিকিৎসা বিশেষজ্ঞরা করবেন। যে হাসপাতালে সেই চিকিৎসা হবে, তাকে স্পেশালিটি বা সুপার-স্পেশালিটি হাসপাতাল বলা হয়। ভারতে সরকারী স্বাস্থ্য দপ্তরের মানুষের কাছে স্বাস্থ্য পরিষেবার পৌঁছনর দায়িত্ব থাকে, সরকার ও সমাজ এইরকম একটি পরিকাঠামোয় পরিষেবা দেবার ব্যবস্থা করেন । এখন প্রশ্ন, চিকিৎসা পরিষেবার মান নির্ধারণ করার সময় এই তিনটি স্তরকে কিভাবে বিবেচনা করব বা তাকে কিভাবে মাপব? গুণমান নির্ধারণ করার কিবা প্রয়োজন? দ্বিতীয় প্রশ্নটিতে আসা যাক।এক, মান নির্ধারণ না বিচার করতে শিখলে, আপনি যে-ই হোন, আপনি ঠকে যেতে পারেন, এমনকি আপনার প্রাণসংশয় অবধি হতে পারে। কোন চিকিৎসা-ব্যবস্থার মান ভাল, কোনটির মান আরো ভালো, এ বিষয়টি জটিল। আমরা রুগীরা বা তাঁদের বাড়ির লোকেরা কোন বিশেষ একটি স্বাস্থ্য-সংস্থা, বা কোন একটি রাজ্যের চিকিৎসা-ব্যবস্থা, কি কোন হাসপাতালকে হয়ত ওপর থেকে দেখে ভাবছি খুব ভাল, আসলে রোগী নিয়ে সেখানে ভর্তি হতে বা চিকিৎসা পেতে গিয়ে হয়রানির শিকার হতে হয়, ভুল চিকিৎসা হতে পারে, নষ্ট সময় ও অর্থদণ্ডের কথা না হয় ছেড়েই দিলাম । আবার অন্যদিকে কোন একটি চিকিৎসা প্রতিষ্ঠানটিকে মনে মনে খারাপ ভাবছি, হয়ত সেখানে কম পয়সায় চিকিৎসা হয়, সে হয়ত বাইরে থেকে দেখতে মামুলি, তাই তাকে প্রত্যাখ্যান করলাম, অথচ সেখানেই চিকিৎসা করাতে গেলে দেখতাম তারা অতি আন্তরিক ও খুব ভাল চিকিৎসা করে। আর কিছু না হোক, অনাবশ্যক অর্থদণ্ডের হাত থেকে রেহাই পেতাম। দুই, চিকিৎসকদের কথা ভেবে দেখুন। আজকাল ভারতে হাসপাতালের ডাক্তারদের, বা প্রাইভেট প্র্যাকটিস করেন, এমন ডাক্তারদের, রোগীর বাড়ির লোকেরা বা আপামর জনসাধারণ গায়ে হাত তুলছে,  এ ধরণের অন্যায়, দুঃখজনক সংবাদ ইদানীং শোনা যাচ্ছে \cite{Ambesh2016749}। সংবাদপত্রের খবরে বহু ক্ষেত্রে দেখা যায় ডাক্তারবাবু যে চিকিৎসা করেছেন তাতে কোন ভুল নেই, তবুও তাঁকে অত্যাচার সহ্য করতে হচ্ছে । ডাক্তারবাবু ভাবছেন তিনি তাঁর জ্ঞানবুদ্ধিঅভিজ্ঞতা-প্রসূত, সাধ্যমত চিকিৎসা করেছেন, অভিজ্ঞতা ও প্রমাণের ভিত্তিতে যা চিকিৎসা তিনি করেছেন, উন্নত মানের চিকিৎসা বিচার করতে গেলে এইটুকুই যথেষ্ট। ডাক্তারের পক্ষে চিকিৎসা কতটা খরচসাপেক্ষ বা রোগী-চিকিৎসাকারী দলের পারস্পরিক সম্পর্ক বা রোগীদের রোগ নিয়ে অবহিত করা, তাদের সহজ ভাষায় বুঝিয়ে বলার ব্যাপারটি তাঁর চিকিৎসক সত্তা দিয়ে বিচার করলে গৌণ বলে মনে হবে। চিকিৎসার জটিল দিক, কারিগরি দিকটি তিনি ভাল বোঝেন, সেটিই তাঁর লক্ষ্য । অথচ চিকিৎসা ত্রুটিহীন হওয়া সত্ত্বেও তাঁকে রোগীপক্ষের অসন্তোষের শিকার হতে হল, এমনও হতে পারে তিনি হয়ত রোগীর সঙ্গে  যথেষ্ট ভদ্র ও সঙ্গত আচরণ করলেন, কিন্তু চিকিৎসাকারী দলের অন্যান্য সদস্য বা অন্যান্যরা রোগীর পরিবার বা রোগীর সঙ্গে অশিষ্ট আচরণ করাতে রোগীর বাড়ির লোক অসন্তুষ্ট হলেন, সব মিলিয়ে চিকিৎসার যাবতীয় দায়, রোগী ও তাঁর বাড়ির লোকের রোষ, বেচারা ডাক্তারবাবুর ঘাড়ে পড়ল, যেহেতু চিকিৎসা পরিষেবার তিনিই মুখ \cite{Madhiwalla_2006} । ডাক্তারবাবু চিকিৎসার মান একরকম করে ভেবেছেন, রোগী আর তাঁর বাড়ির লোকেদের চোখে সেই চিকিৎসার গুণমান আরেক রকম হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছে। অতএব ডাক্তার ও রোগীর পক্ষ থেকে চিকিৎসার গুণের মাণ নির্ধারণের, বিশেষ করে মাপজোক করার তাগিদ আছে যাতে করে অন্তত এইটুকু বোঝা যায় যে, চিকিৎসার সামগ্রিক মানের দিক থেকে বিচার করলে কোনটি যথেষ্ট উচ্চমানের ও কোনটি নিম্নমানের তার একটা সাধারণের গ্রহণযোগ্য ব্যবস্থা থাকা উচিৎ, সে চিকিৎসার ফলাফল যাই হোক না কেন। এখানে তিনটি বিষয় বিবেচনা করার আছে। এক, ডাক্তারবাবুর দিক থেকে চিকিৎসার গুণমান শুধু রোগমুক্তি বা যথাযথ চিকিৎসা দিয়ে বিচার বিবেচনা করলে যথেষ্ট হবে না, আরো কিছু বিষয় ভেবে দেখতে হবে। দুই, চিকিৎসা কি স্বাস্থ্যের মান নিরূপণের ক্ষেত্রে আমরা প্রায়ই সরকারী, বেসরকারী, আন্তর্জাতিক, নানারকম পরিসংখ্যানের সাহায্য নিই। পাঁচ বছর বয়সের কম বয়সী শিশু মৃত্যু, বা চিকিৎসক-পিছু কত শয্যা, সেই সংখ্যার নিরিখে গোটা স্বাস্থ্যব্যবস্থার সামগ্রিক মান নিরূপণের একটা আবছা ছবি আমরা পাই। চিকিৎসা/স্বাস্থ্য ব্যবস্থার মান নির্ধারণ করতে গিয়ে তাতে কিছুটা আন্দাজ পাওয়া যেতে পারে হয়ত, তবে সে নেহাতই মোটা দাগের মাপ। এই ধরণের পরিমাপ যেহেতু সামগ্রিক তথ্য পরিসংখ্যান দিয়ে করা হয়, তাতে ব্যক্তিবিশেষের ক্ষেত্রে কি প্রযোজ্য তা বোঝা যাবে না । তিন, রোগীর পরিপ্রেক্ষিত বাদ দিয়ে রোগ নিদানের গুণমান বিচার করা এক্ষেত্রে  অর্থহীন। রোগমুক্তির বিচার যাঁরা রোগের পরিষেবা দেন, বা রোগীর পরিপ্রেক্ষিত বাদ দিয়ে করবেন কি করে? আর করবেনই বা কেন? গুণমানের মাপযোকের ব্যাপারটি আলোচনার করার আগে আরো দুটো কথা বলার আছে -- এক, স্বাস্থ্য বা চিকিৎসা ব্যবস্থার শরিকদের চিনে নিতে হবে, আর দুই, পরিকাঠামো বলতে কি বোঝাতে চাইছি সেটি স্পষ্ট হওয়া চাই।

The social and organizational history of humanity is intricately entangled with the history of technology in general and the technology of information in particular. Advances in this area have often been closely involved in social and political transformations. While the contemporary period is often referred to by such names as the Computing and Information Age, this is the culmination of a series of historical transformations that have been centuries in the making. This course will provide a venue for students to learn about history through the evolution of number systems and arithmetic, calculating and computing machines, and advanced communication technology via the Internet. Students who take this course will attain a degree of technological literacy while studying core historical concepts. Students who complete this course will learn the key vocabulary of the computing discipline, which is playing a significant role in modern human thought and new media communications. The History of Computing will be organized around the historical perspective. The relationships between social organization, intellectual climate, and technology will be examined and stressed.

Dynamical gauge fields are a fundamental concept of high-energy physics. However, learning about them typically takes enormous amounts of time and effort. As such, they are typically a bit mystical to students (including me) of other fields of physics like condensed-matter or AMO. Here, we will give a simple introduction into some of the concepts that might allow for the quantum simulation of these theories with ultracold atomic gases.The reader should know about second quantization and the basics of quantum mechanics as the arguments are based on this formalism.

IntroductionA colleague recently proposed submitting an article about work to which my lab had contributed to the journal Neurology. I said, Neurology is a fine journal—some of my favorite authors have published there (smile)—but, like many traditional journals, they don't allow authors to re-use their own words for future book chapters. That's true even if a pre-publication version ends up later on PubMed Central. At least, they don't allow this without their deciding whether to deign to grant permission in each case. It may surprise you to know that many traditional / "hybrid" journals that tout an Open Access option—usually an expensive one—allow only a noncommercial license (like the CC BY-NC license). That sounds fine until you learn that adapting your own words to contribute to a book or to a site like eMedicine counts as commercial use! Personally, in an age in which the "Paper User Interface" is almost obsolete, and I almost always find papers from PubMed or Google, giving my rights away to a journal (by copyright transfer or an exclusive license to publish) is just ridiculous.I replied to my colleague suggesting she submit instead to a journal that allowed the authors to re-use their own words freely (as with the CC BY license), and went on to explain other benefits of fully open access publishing. I've discussed some of these advantages elsewhere \cite{25580234}. She replied, "I'm curious to know how publishing in these open access platforms has been received by your department? There's a clear message in mine that they want to see pubs in journals with good impact factors, especially for promotion consideration." This is a reasonable concern, of course, and a common one, and I acknowledged that at my career stage the pressure is not on me to the same extent. But I gave her some thoughts anyway, and then I realized that others might find them interesting. So here they are.The real answerThe real answer is for leaders to judge papers (much less faculty) on different metrics. The JIF was never meant to grade the quality of an individual paper, and it does it poorly. Even collectively, higher impact factor journals are more likely to publish articles that are retracted than are lower impact factor journals (among other reasons, think about this: “novel” results imply a lower prior probability of truth). Besides, if by impact you mean total number of citations, some OA journals are way in front (e.g. Frontiers in Psychology is the most cited multidisciplinary psychology journal in the world, and there have been something over 200,000 citations to articles in PLOS ONE).Being down on the journal impact factor (JIF) is not just my opinion. You can listen to some Nobel laureates criticizing it here.Some young scientists are adopting an open-only policy and let the chips fall where they may, and several of these scientists have been quite successful. In the meantime . . .But in the meantime, here are some options for those in my colleague's position. First, there are open access  journals with a high JIF. Here is a short list of a few open access journals I've published in or considered, to show the wide range of JIFs for journals that allow authors to keep their rights:

The current crisis of veracity in biomedical research is enabled by the lack of publicly accessible information on whether the reported scientific claims are valid. One approach to solve this problem is to replicate previous studies by specialized reproducibility centers. However, this approach is costly or unaffordable and raises a number of yet to be resolved concerns that question its effectiveness and validity. We propose to use an approach that yields a simple numerical measure of veracity, the R-factor, by summarizing the outcomes of already published studies that have attempted to test a claim. The R-factor of an investigator, a journal, or an institution would be the average of the R-factors of the claims they reported. We illustrate this approach using three studies recently tested by a replication initiative, compare the results, and discuss how using the R-factor can help improve the veracity of scientific research.

Tam Hunt, UC Santa Barbara, tam.hunt@psych.ucsb.eduThe Lorentz transformations form the mathematical core of the 1905 theory of Special Relativity as well as the earlier version of relativity created by Lorentz himself, originally in 1895 but developed further in the ensuing years. These two theories interpret the physical significance of the transformations quite differently, but in ways that are generally not considered to be empirically distinguishable. It is widely believed today that Einstein’s Special Relativity presents the superior interpretation. A number of lines of evidence, however, from cosmology, quantum theory and nuclear physics present substantial evidence against the Special Relativity interpretation of the Lorentz transformations, challenging this traditional view. I review this evidence and suggest that we are now at a point where the sum of the evidence weighs against the Special Relativity interpretation of the transformations and in favor of a Lorentzian or neo-Lorentzian approach instead.1. IntroductionI’m sitting in a public square in Athens, Greece, biding my time as I write these words. The battery on my phone ran out as I was trying to navigate to my lodgings on my first night in this historic city, forcing me to stop and charge my phone for a little while. I’m waiting for the passage of time.The nature of time has been debated vigorously since at least the age of Heraclitus and Parmenides in ancient Greece. “All things flow,” said Heraclitus. “Nothing flows,” said Parmenides as a counter-intuitive rejoinder, suggesting that all appearances of change are an illusion. How could Parmenides make the case that nothing flows, nothing changes? It would seem, from easy inspection of the world around us that indeed all things do flow, all things are always changing. So what was Parmenides talking about?Parmenides’ arguments illustrate well the rationalist approach that Plato was later to more famously advocate, against the empiricist or “sensationist” approach that Heraclitus and Aristotle too would champion as a contrary approach. Parmenides and Plato saw reason as the path toward truth and they were not afraid to allow reason to contradict what seemed to be obvious sensory-based features of the world. Apparent empirical/sensory facts can deceive and, for these men, Parmenides, Plato and their followers, reason alone was the arbiter of truth. Wisdom entailed using reason to see through the world’s illusions to the deeper reality.Heraclitus and Aristotle, to the contrary, stressed the need to be empirical in our science and philosophy (science and philosophy were the same endeavor in the era of classical Greece). Reason was of course a major tool in the philosopher’s toolbox for these men too, but it seems that reason unmoored from evidence should not be used to trump the obvious facts of the world. The Aristotelian approach is to find a pragmatic balance between empirical facts and reason in attempting to discern the true contours of reality.Einstein was firmly in the camp of Parmenides and Plato (Popper, et al. 1998). He famously considered the passage of time, the distinction between past, present and future, to be a “stubbornly persistent illusion.” This view of time, as an illusory construct hiding a deeper timeless world, was based on his theories of relativity. Einstein and his co-thinkers held this view, of time as illusory, despite the obvious passage of time in the world around us, no matter where we look. The widely-held view today is that Einstein finally won the long war, decisively, between Heraclitus and Parmenides. Despite appearances, nothing flows and the passage of time is just that: only appearance.I suggest in this paper, however, that this conclusion is premature. Einstein’s thinking is indeed an example of rationalism trumping empiricism and it is time for us to take a more empirical approach to these foundational questions of physics and philosophy. Today’s physics lauds empiricism rhetorically, but in practice a rationalist approach often holds sway, particularly with respect to the nature of time.2. An overview of Special Relativity and Lorentzian RelativityIn discussing the nature of time with respect to modern physics, I will focus on the Special Theory of Relativity (SR) and avoid discussion of the general theory. Einstein’s 1905 theory of relativity adopted the Lorentz transformations directly, unchanged from Lorentz’s own version of these equations (Einstein 1905, Lorentz 1895 and 1904, in Lorentz 1937). Einstein’s key difference from Lorentz’s version of relativity (first put forth in 1895, but developed further in later work) was to reinterpret Lorentz’s equations, based on a radically different assumption about the nature of physical reality. Lorentz interpreted the relativistic effects of length contraction and time dilation—which follow straightforwardly from the Lorentz transformations—as resulting from interaction with an ether that constituted simply the properties of space (Lorentz’s ether was not some additional substance that pervades space, as was the case in some earlier ideas of the ether). Einstein, to the contrary, interpreted these effects as resulting from the dynamics of spacetime, a union of space and time into a single notion, and dismissed the ether as “superfluous.”Because Lorentz’s and Einstein’s versions of relativity both use the Lorentz transformations, they will yield in many cases the same empirical predictions. The prevailing view today, then, is that while these two theories are empirically indistinguishable there are other considerations, relating to parsimony primarily, that render special relativity the preferred approach. I discuss below, however, why we now have good empirical reasons to distinguish between these two interpretations—in favor of the Lorentzian approach.Length contraction and time dilation occur as a result of the assumed absolute speed of light because either space or time, or both, must distort if we consider the speed of light to be invariant. This is because speed is measured simply by dividing distance traveled by the time elapsed; and if the speed of light remains the same in all circumstances then space and/or time must distort in order to maintain this invariance. As an object travels closer and closer to the speed of light, its length must decrease (length contraction) and/or the time elapsed must increase (time dilation) – but only from the perspective of an observer in a different inertial frame. In the original inertial frame there is no length contraction or time dilation.“Moving clocks run slow” is a good shorthand for relativistic time dilation, but again only from the perspective of a different inertial frame. Time moves at the same rate for an observer in the moving frame of reference, no matter what one’s speed in relation to other frames. Relativistic effects only occur when considering the relationship between two different frames of reference, not in the same frame.

We demonstrate that, under Lorentz transformation, the frequency and the energy of an electromagnetic wave train form a linear relationship, emulating the equation of photon energy E = ℏω. This shows that wave-particle duality of light is compatible under space time transformation.

Time-resolved pump-probe measurements of Xe, pumped at 133 nm and probed at 266 nm, are presented. The pump pulse prepared a long-lived hyperfine wavepacket, in the Xe 5p⁵(²P1/2∘)6s ²[1/2]₁∘ manifold (E=77185 cm −1=9.57 eV). The wavepacket was monitored via single-photon ionization, and photoelectron images measured. The images provide angle- and time-resolved data which, when obtained over a large time-window (900 ps), constitute a precision quantum beat spectroscopy measurement of the hyperfine state splittings. Additionally, analysis of the full photoelectron image stack provides a quantum beat imaging modality, in which the Fourier components of the photoelectron images correlated with specific beat components can be obtained. This may also permit the extraction of isotope-resolved photoelectron images in the frequency domain, in cases where nuclear spins (hence beat components) can be uniquely assigned to specific isotopes (as herein), and also provides phase information. The information content of both raw, and inverted, image stacks is investigated, suggesting the utility of the Fourier analysis methodology in cases where images cannot be inverted.

ABSTRACT The District Attorney’s office of Santa Clara County, California has observed long durations for their prosecution processes. It is interested in assessing the drivers of prosecutorial delays and determining whether there is evidence of disparate treatment of accused individuals in pre-trial detention and criminal charging practices. A recent report from the county's civil grand jury found that only 47% of cases from 2013 were resolved in less than year, far less than the statwide average of 88%. We describe a visualization tool and analytical models to identify factors affecting delays in the prosecutorial process and any characteristics that are associated with disparate treatment of defendants. Using prosecutorial data from January through June of 2014, we find that the time to close the initial phase of prosecution (the entering of a plea), the initial plea entered, the type of court in which a defendant is tried and the main charged offense are important predictors of whether a case will extend beyond one year. Durations for prosecution are found not significantly different for different racial and ethnic population, and do not appear as important features in our modeling to predict case durations longer than one year. Further, we find that, in this data, 81% of felony cases were resolved in less than one year, far greater than the value reported by the civil grand jury.