Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are major players of the innate immune system – recognizing pathogens and differentiating self/non-self components of immunity. These proteins are present either on the plasma membrane or endosome and recognise pathogens at their extracellular domains. They are also characterised by a single transmembrane helix and an intracellular TIR domain. Few TIRs directly invoke downstream signalling, while others require other TIR domains of adaptors like TRAM and TRIF. On recognizing pathogenic lipopolysaccharides (LPS), TLR4 dimerises and interacts with the intracellular TRAM dimer through the TIR domain to further recruit TRIF molecules. We have performed an in-depth study of the effect of two mutations, P116H and C117H, at the dimeric region of the adaptor TRAM, which are known to abrogate downstream signalling. We modelled the structure and performed molecular dynamics studies to infer the structural changes occurring across the trajectory due to the point mutations in order to decipher the structural basis of this dramatic effect. We observed that these mutations led to increased RoG (Radius of Gyration) of the complex and resulted in several changes to the interaction energy values when compared against the wild type and few positive control mutants. We identified highly interacting residues as hubs and few such hubs that were lost in the mutant dimers. Further, changes in the protein residue path, hampering the information flow between the crucial AEDD and TS sites, happen for the mutants. Overall, we show that such residue changes can have subtle but long-distance effects, impacting the signaling path allosterically.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia. It is associated with increased stroke risks, thromboembolism, and other complications, which are great life and economic burdens for patients. In recent years, with the maturity of percutaneous catheter radiofrequency ablation (RFA) technology, it has become a first-line therapy for AF. However, some patients still experience AF recurrence (AFR) after RFA, which can cause serious consequences. Therefore, it is crucial to identify appropriate parameters that can predict the prognosis. Here, we reviewed possible predicting indicators for AFR, focusing on all the electrocardiogram indicators, such as P wave duration, PR interval and so on. It may provide valuable information for guiding clinical works.

Background and Aims: The relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and ICD shock remains unclear. We analyzed the characteristics of patients received shocks after SARS-CoV-2 infection to explore causes of these shocks to provide information for subsequent treatment. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from seven patients who hospitalized the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province between December 2022 and January 2023 after experiencing ICD shock or ventricular arrhythmias following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We collected baseline information i.e., age and sex, device type, arrhythmia type, comorbidities, etc to analyze the causes of electrical shocks. Results: All patients’ devices were implanted in our hospital. The patients’ mean age was 67±10 years. Four underwent implantation for primary prevention, and three for secondary prevention. These patients received 80 ICD shocks after SARS-CoV-2 infection, 71 (88.75%) nine (11.25%) of which were treatment for ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation, respectively. There were 54 antitachycardia pacing(ATP) treatments, which forty-eight arrhythmic events were terminated through antitachycardia pacing and six not. Laboratory tests conducted upon admission revealed that six patients had blood potassium levels below 4.0 mmol/L. Five patients had blood calcium levels below 2.11 mmol/L. Four of seven patients had elevated troponin concentrations (0.030–0.297 ng/mL). All patients had significantly elevated N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels (608.8–25,758 pg/mL). Six patients had a QT interval of > 440 ms and a mean QT interval of 460±46 ms. Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 infection may be associated with ICD shock. Clinicians should pay close attention to patients with implanted devices after SARS-CoV-2 infection and actively eliminate arrhythmogenic triggers to minimize the likelihood of ICD shock.

A 32-year-old female patient presented with palpitations and chest discomfort. The patient had a history of pericardiotomy due to pericardial effusion. Multimodal imaging, including echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) were used showing a pericardial cyst as the cause of the symptoms. Furthermore its location and potential complications were accurately defined. The patient underwent successful surgical resection of the cyst, and histopathological analysis confirmed a bronchogenic cyst, a very rare congenital malformation. The article discusses the rarity of bronchogenic cysts in the pericardium and the importance of accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

As detection technology continually advances, the survivability of targets on the battlefield is significantly challenged. Therefore, microwave absorbers with stealth capabilities have become a focal point of research in modern military science. To address the issues of narrow bandwidth and complex structures in existing absorbers, we propose a model for an ultra-wideband absorber based on a hybrid structure. In this study, we design, manufacture, and characterize a polarization-insensitive ultra-wideband absorber (PIUWA), which demonstrates impressive absorptivity of over 90% across a range of 4-24.53GHz (a fractional bandwidth of 144%). This is achieved by inducing multiple resonance peaks within the hybrid structure. Moreover, the subwavelength periodicity of the PIUWA theoretically contributes to its angular stability under full-wave polarizations. We observed that absorption performance remains stable under incident conditions within 45 degrees. Furthermore, the operational mechanism of the PIUWA is elucidated through an equivalent circuit model, with design validity confirmed via experimental measurements. This study paves the way for the design and fabrication of ultra-wideband microwave absorbers that offer high absorptivity, robust angular stability, and simpler assembly processes, thereby broadening the potential for application in other absorber types.

In Mexico, the BA.4 and BA.5 Omicron variants dominated the fifth epidemic wave (summer 2022), superseding BA.2, which had circulated during the inter-wave period. The present study uses genome sequencing and statistical and phylogenetic analyses to examine these variants’ prevalence, distribution, and genetic diversity in Mexico from April to August 2022. Over 35% of the sequenced genomes in this period corresponded to the BA.2 variant, 8% to the BA.4, and 56% to the BA.5 variant. Multiple subvariants were identified, but only BA.2.9, BA.2.12.1, BA.5.1, BA.5.2, BA.5.2.1, and BA.4.1 circulated throughout the fifth wave across the entire country, not forming geographical clusters. Contrastingly, other subvariants exhibited a geographically restricted distribution, most notably in the Southeast region, which showed a distinct subvariant dynamic. This study supports previous results showing that this region may be a major entry point and may have contributed to the introduction and evolution of novel variants in Mexico. Furthermore, a differential distribution was observed for certain subvariants among specific States throughout time, which may have contributed to the overall increased diversity observed during this wave compared to the previous one. This study highlights the importance of sustaining genomic surveillance to identify novel variants that may impact public health.

Continued Immunotherapy of Patient with Lung Cancer with COVID-19 InfectionJiadi Gan1, Jiaxuan Wu1, Huohuo Zhang1, Weimin Li#1 Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Precision Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, ChinaFinancial/nonfinancial disclosures: None declared.FUNDING/SUPPORT: This work was supported by the Clinical Research Incubation Project of West China Hospital of Sichuan University (2018HXFH012), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82200078)Address for correspondence: Weimin Li, MD, PhD, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Precision Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China. E-mail:weimi003@scu.edu.cn.To the Editor :The COVID-19 pandemic has infected over 763.7 million people globally, causing over 6.9 million deaths (https://covid19.who.int/; accessed 15 April 2023). Omicron has received much attention for just 2 weeks after its appearance on November 11th, 2021 for its rapidly spreaded variants infectivity. The emerging of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 become the predominant strains during the pandemic. Similar with comorbidities such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease1, patients with cancer seems to be highly risk of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)2.A major consideration in the delivery of cancer care is to balance the duration of delaying the cancer-directed therapy. SARS-CoV-2 can mediated immune system activation by triggerring cytokine release3, which may lead to a great potential for treating SARS-CoV-2 infections by targeting immune related receptors. To mild to moderate COVID-19 or asymptomatic positive SARS-CoV-2 patients, the NCCN Guidelines recommend considerring holding immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy for at least 10 days and until improvement of symptoms (https://www.nccn.org). Whether checkpoint inhibitor treatment lead to a better or worse outcome maintain controversial. Here, we report the management of three lung cancer patients during Omicron period through a multidisciplinary perspective on the basis of clinical experience and the available data in the literature, the general characteristic of patients were showed in Table 1 .The first case is a 65-year-old male, 30 years of smoking history, with a 1.8cm*1.3cm right lower lobe node, with liver and multiple bone metastases. Liver lesion puncture biopsy prompt neuroendocrine tumor. Next generation sequencing (NGS) detection indicated no oncogenic mutations. The patient had symptoms of fatigue and fever and performed rapid test of nasopharyngeal swab for respiratory SARS-CoV-2 viruse, which prompt strongly positive. He commenced with slurryMab combined with etoposide and carboplatin as first-line therapy. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest revealed lesion reduction after 3 months, with disease assessment of partial response (PR) (Figure 1B ). The second case was a 63-year-old Chinese male ex-smoker presented with a pulmonary mass in the right lobe lung apex mass discovered on chest enhanced-CT scan, with bilateral lung and bone metastasis. Histologic examination of the biopsy samples at lung mass led to the diagnosis of advanced lung squamous carcinoma. COVID-19 nucleic acid test prompt positive. He signed informed consent and was treated with was treated with Pembrolizumab+Vibostolimab. CT scan after 2 month showed obvious shrinkage in lung mass, contributing to PR (Figure 1B ). The patient reported feeling better after and no side effects occurred. The third was a 70-year-old male never-smoker referred to a local hospital for repetitive cough in June 2022. Chest-CT scan revealed a pulmonary mass in the left upper lobe and left pleural thickening. Cerebral magnetic resonance image demonstrated no brain metastasis and bone imag revealed multiple bone metastases. Biopsy on lung tissue demonstrated squamous carcinoma and subsequent targeted NGS detected no oncogenic mutations. Then the patient started duvalizumab combined with albumin paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line therapy for four circles and single-agent duvalizumab maintenance for two cycles. Nasal swab was positive for COVID-19 in January 12th, 2023. He received nirmatrelvir plus ritonavirand for strongly positive of COVID-19 nucleic acid test with low Ct value. The clinical cough symptom of patients improved two days later and he continued receiving duvalizumab maintenance treatment. Stable lung lesions were shown through CT scan after 1 months and no novel added COVID-19 symptoms presented (Figure 1B ). Above patients manifest no viral symptom after active treatment with checkpoint inhibitor and continue to receive anti-tumor treatment (Figure 1A ).The cancer patients receiving antitumour treatments should be strictly screened for COVID-19 infection during epidemic period and avoid treatments causing immunosuppression or decrease the dosages of medication. These cases emphasized immunotherapy has no detrimental effect on the outcome of mild to moderate patients with COVID-19.

Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks are characterized by low-powered nodes with limited computational power and storage capacity. Consequently, protocols dedicated to Low Power and Lossy networks (LLNs) are designed to support communication in such resource-constrained nodes. One such protocol is Routing Protocol for Low-Power and lossy networks (RPL) which builds and maintains routes in RPL-based networks, leading to optimized routing and lower network overhead. However, the RPL-based protocol has several internal and external vulnerabilities that must be explored and addressed. Therefore, the present study illustrates the impact of several RPL-based attacks, including DIS attack, version number attack, decreased rank attack, and WPS attack, by employing the Contiki Cooja network simulator with specific simulation scenarios. In addition, we conduct a comparative analysis of the RPL-based attacks and find that the WPS attack results in the highest packet loss rate of 26%, whereas the DIS attack, version number attack, and rank attack result in packet loss rates of 17%, 15%, and 13%, respectively.

The tubular furnace is one of the main production equipment in petrochemical industry, the main functions of which is to heat the liquid oil in multiple branch tubes in the furnace to the target temperature. Since the temperature of each branch furnace tube is affected by the feed composition, the distribution position of the furnace tube and the uneven distribution of the furnace temperature, these factors may result in the deviation of the oil outlet temperature of each branch, and the serious temperature deviation may lead to the coking of the furnace tube and even cause accidents. In order to overcome the problem of unbalanced outlet temperature of each branch tube in the tubular furnace, this paper proposes a temperature control method GSA-MPIDNN, which is based on genetic simulated annealing (GSA) algorithm to optimize multi-input multi-output proportion-integration-differentiation neural network(MPIDNN). The GSA algorithm is used to find out the optimal initial weights of the MPIDNN, to overcome the deficiency of the algorithm by manually setting the initial weights, and to improve the control performance of the MPIDNN controller on the outlet temperature of the tubular furnace. The Matlab software is used to build the mathematical model of GSA-MPIDNN controller and tubular furnace, and the results are compared and analyzed with the traditional methods such as MPIDNN, PID and fuzzy PID, etc. The results show that the convergence time and error of GSA-MPIDNN are better than the traditional methods, which verifies the effectiveness of the method.

The Fuzzy logic offers an intelligent bound for information illustration and analysis to handle quality, uncertainty, and ambiguity. Fuzzy logic is applied to combine human knowledgeable information and discrete computing. As per our study, explicit mathematical model has not been developed in the existing research work to explain the behavior of advanced system. A novel mathematical model for defining the behavior of such system has been introduced in the paper. Different techniques to calculate distance between two Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFSs) have been analyzed in the proposed model. In the proposed model a novel distance calculation technique has been introduced. The proposed technique of distance calculation can be used in medical diagnostic for decision making. Further, to analyze the outcomes of the proposed model, different possible outcomes of diagnosis with the existing techniques have been compared. By comparing the results of proposed technique with the existing techniques, 65% improvements in the decision of medical diagnosis can be achieved.

Accurate estimation of percolation is crucial for assessing landfill final cover effectiveness, designing leachate collection/treatment systems, and many other applications, such as in agriculture. Despite the importance, percolation is seldom measured due to the high cost and maintenance of lysimeters, underlining the need for skillful simulation. Process-based numerical models, despite requiring validation and numerous parameters, present an alternative for percolation simulation, though few studies have assessed their performance. This study compares percolation measured from three fully instrumented large-scale experimental plots to simulated percolation using a new version of the Soil Vegetation and Snow (SVS) land-surface model with an active soil-freezing module. Previous research indicates numerical model performance may significantly vary based on soil-related parameter values. To account for input data and parameter uncertainty, we use an ensemble simulation strategy incorporating random perturbations. The results suggest that SVS can accurately capture the seasonal patterns of percolation, including significant events during snowmelts in spring and fall, with little to no percolation in winter and summer. The continuous ranked probability skill score values for the three plots are 0.13, -0.13, and 0.33. SVS simulates near-surface soil temperature dynamics effectively (R 2 values 0.97-0.98) but underestimates temperature and has limitations in simulating soil temperature in snow-free situations in the cold season. It also overestimates soil freezing duration, revealing discrepancies in the onset and end of freezing periods compared to observed data. This study highlights the potential of land surface models for the simulation of percolation, with potential applications in the design of systems such as leachate collection and treatment. While the SVS model already provides an interesting outlook, further research is needed to address its limitations in simulating soil temperature dynamics during soil freezing periods.

Abstract Introduction One of the most often used OTC antipyretic and analgesic is paracetamol or acetaminophen. Though widely used, the mechanism by which it reduces fever and pain remains unknown. Although paracetamol is available in a variety of formulations, there are no set guidelines for the various formulations of paracetamol alone or in combination. Materials and Methods In Department of Pharmacology at Government Doon Medical College, the study was planned as an observational cross-sectional study. Data regarding different paracetamol dosages and dosages of paracetamol in fixed dose combinations (FDCs) with various ingredients were gathered and evaluated from the editions of Drug Today, Current Index Of Medical Specialties (CIMS), Monthly Index Of Medical Specialties (MIMS), and India 2021/2022. Results Analysing Drug Today, CIMS and MIMS, it was found, 810 formulations of paracetamol tablets are available in the Indian market, of which, 77 formulations contain only paracetamol, rest being fixed dose combinations (FDCs). Among all the available FDCs with paracetamol having 2or 3 drug formulation, among the 2 constituent FDCs group containing paracetamol, 47% drugs have paracetamol in 325 mg or less dose, whereas, 53% drugs are in clear violation of the notice by CDSCO, by containing more than 325 mg paracetamol. Conclusion In spite of widespread use there is ambiguity in paracetamol doses, as well as absence of data for few constituents in the FDCs. Thus, further research into paracetamol dosing, as well as strict regulation is the need of the hour for one of the most widely used drug.

A document by Zisong Mo. Click on the document to view its contents.

Objective: to identify lung ultrasound (LUS) findings associated to acute chest syndrome (ACS) and establish a LUS risk score for the development of ACS in children with sickle cell disease (SCD). Methods: a prospective observational study including children with SCD and signs and/or symptoms of lower airway infection were evaluated by LUS and chest radiography (CXR) at admission and 48 hours later (follow-up) and observed regarding the development of ACS during hospitalization. Results: 110 children were evaluated, of whom 66 (60%) developed ACS. At admission, LUS score greater than one showed sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 77.3%, 84.1% and 80.0% versus 53.0%, 100% and 71.8% on CXR. ACS diagnosis was unlikely for a LUS score of zero, likely for a score of one or two and very likely for a score greater than two. Regarding follow-up exams, LUS score greater than one showed sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 98.5%, 72.0% and 91.2% versus 90.2%, 100% and 92.3% on CXR. ACS diagnosis was very unlikely for a LUS score of zero, likely for a score of one and very likely for a score greater than one. Conclusion: LUS is an effective tool for the diagnosis of ACS with superior sensitivity and similar accuracy compared to CXR. The LUS score was able to assess risk for development of ACS in children with SCD and clinical suspicion of ACS.

Bile acids present important roles in the human body and changes in their pool can be used as markers for various liver pathologies. In part, the unconjugated or conjugated, secondary or primary nature of bile acids accounts for their various effect as ligands in addition to their functional effects in modulating inflammatory responses and cellular survivability. With no documented baseline levels of bile acids or their receptors in the inner ear system, some hydrophilic bile acids have been used successfully as a treatment to resolve drug induced cell damage or to ameliorate hearing loss. This review, presents both hydrophilic and hydrophobic human bile acids along with their tissue-specific ligand effects in modulating cellular integrity, bringing in consideration the possible effects and therapeutic applicability of bile acids to the inner ear tissue.

Abstract Background: There has been a decline in childhood vaccination uptake, with reports indicating that 25 million children missed out on one or more doses in 2021 . There is a need to understand the socio-behavioural drivers of vaccination uptake and to identify contextual and emerging factors that can inform demand-creation interventions. Objective: This review examined the social and behavioural factors influencing childhood vaccination intentions and uptake globally. Methods: A comprehensive search was carried out for published studies that presented data on patterns of association between socio-behavioural factors and vaccination intentions and uptake in children under five years. Studies were screened for eligibility by two reviewers, and information was collected using a standard data abstraction form. Findings: Out of 4462 records identified in the search, 82 studies were included. Emerging factors influencing vaccination uptake included gender-based factors like the mother’s financial autonomy, the number of social and formal messengers recommending vaccination, the proportion of non-conforming social network members, and the role of decisional balance and conflict as a moderator of the vaccination intention and action pathway. Conclusion: The review identified multiple behavioural and social constructs influencing vaccination intentions and uptake. The diversity of influences underscores the complexity of relationships between social-behavioural factors and vaccination uptake, which may be contributing to low vaccination uptake. More context-specific research is required to extend the geographical base and depth of evidence and to evaluate highly localised socio-behavioural interventions.

A 53 year old female presented with rapidly enlarging right breast mass. In the setting of rapid growth and concern for intraoperative bleeding the decision was made to consult interventional radiology for preoperative embolization. This case was managed with transradial arterial access and gelfoam embolization using cone beam CT to obtain successful embolization.

The rotating packed bed (RPB) is a typical equipment in chemical process intensification technology due to its excellent mass transfer performance. In this paper，three different single-phase wire screen packing pressure drop models coupled with the interfacial area model were used to construct resistance calculation methods for porous media, respectively. The results show that simulation deviations of the liquid holdup and the pressure drop of the m-K model range from 0.92% to 27.61% and 1.63% to 34.59%, respectively. The m-K model has the highest prediction accuracy at N=500~1500 rpm. At N=2000~2500 rpm, the B model has the highest prediction accuracy. The higher the viscosity of the liquid, the more uniform the axial liquid distribution in the packing, and the longer the liquid mean residence time. The impact of different nozzle designs on liquid distribution has been investigated using a new method based on user-defined functions (UDFs).

Herein, we systematically investigated the reaction mechanism of n-pentane cracking on the Ag/ZSM-5 bifunctional catalyst featuring both dehydrogenation and cracking capabilities. Specifically, overall cracking network of n-pentane was comprehensively constructed to show the roles of metal dehydrogenation sites and acid sites respectively, in which metal Ag could substitute the H of the Brønsted acid site to form the Al-O-Ag linkage with enhanced adsorption and activation of n-pentane, while Brønsted acid site with weak acid strength relay to promote cracking reaction. Thanks to this synergy of the two active sites, the apparent activation energy of n-pentane cracking to light olefins was decreased from 82.77 KJ/mol to 68.26 KJ/mol and the proportion of specific path (C5H12→H2+C5H10) in n-pentane monomolecular cracking reaction increased from 14.62% to 69.24%. In addition, 0.57Ag/ZSM-5 catalyst exhibited the conversion of n-pentane up to 67.55wt%, which improved the performance of the parent ZSM-5 by 13.42wt%.

Hydrogel-based microfluidics offer an in vivo-relevant micro-environments for construction of organs-on-chips. However, the fabrication of heterogeneous microchannels using hydrogels is challenging and fails to mimic the complex structures of organs in vivo. Here we present a new methodology called “layer-by-layer adhesion” for the construction of complex microfluidic chips. A hydrosoluble and photo-crosslinkable adhesive, chitosan methacryloyl (CS-MA), was used to stitch various hydrogels together layer-by-layer to form perfusable microchannels. Our results show that CS-MA can bond different types of hydrogels with adhesion energy ranging from 1.2-140 N/m. Using the layer-by-layer adhesion approach, we constructed heterogeneous hydrogel-based microchannels with various morphologies of snail, spiral, vascular-like, and bilayer. Based on this methodology, liver-on-a-chip was established by entrapping hepatic cells inside a biocompatible Gel-MA layer and covering it with the perfusable microchannels in tough F127-DA layer. The “layer-by-layer adhesion” provides a facile and cytocompatible approach for engineering user-defined hydrogel-based chips potentially for organs-on-chips.

Biomass-derived deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been introduced as promising pretreatment and fractionation solvents because of their mild processing conditions, easy synthesis, and green solvent components from biomass. In recent DES studies, solvent-based third constituents like water, ethanol, and others improve the processibility of typical binary DESs. However, the impacts of these components are not well understood. Here, two solvent-based constitutions, including water and ethylene glycol, were applied to 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA)-based DES system for improving the conversion efficiency of cellulose-rich fraction and the properties of lignin fraction. Compositional changes, enzymatic digestibility of carbohydrate components, and transformation of lignin were used to evaluate the impact of each constituent on biomass processing. Ternary DHBA-ChCl DESs exhibited better performances in delignification, fermentable sugar production, and preservation of β–O–4 ether linkage in lignin compared to neat ChCl-DHBA DES.

This is just an attempt to associate sums or dierences of prime numbers with points lying on an ellipse or hyperbola. Certain pairs of prime numbers can be represented as radius-distances from the focuses to points lying either on the ellipse or on the hyperbola. The ellipse equation can be written in the following form: |p k | + |p t | = 2n. The hyperbola equation can be written in the following form: ||p k | − |p t || = 2n. Here p k and p t are prime numbers (p 1 = 2, p 2 = 3, p 3 = 5, p 4 = 7,...), k and t are indices of prime numbers, 2n is a given even number, k, t, n ∈ N. If we construct ellipses and hyperbolas based on the above, we get the following: 1) there are only 5 non-intersecting curves (for 2n=4; 2n=6; 2n=8; 2n=10; 2n=16). The remaining ellipses have intersection points; 2) there is only 1 non-intersecting hyperbola (for 2n=2) and 1 non-intersecting vertical line. The remaining hyperbolas have intersection points.

The much hyped Artificial Intelligence (AI) model known as chat generative pre-trained transformer ( Chat GPT), developed by Open AI can have far-reaching benefits for pathologists saving time so that they can devote their time to more meaningful work. Generative AI is a special class of AI model, that based on patterns and structures learned from existing data can create new data. However, certain hurdles have to be taken care of like integrating ChatGPT with image analysis which will revolutionize the field of pathology by providing assistance with diagnostic accuracy and precision. Generation of meaningful insights from the textual information provided by ChatGPT can be possible by the platform which should have the capability of processing different types of image data, such as medical images, and pathology slides. Due consideration should be given to ethical and legal issues including bias.

This study used a Discrete Element Method (DEM) model to investigate the Jenike shear process of flexible, cylindrical particles with different aspect ratios. The model was validated through experiments and analytical solutions. It was found that particle shape and deformation have a significant impact on friction behavior, affecting particle deformation, contact forces, orientation, and internal friction angle. Results indicate an increase in shear stress with normal load, regardless of particle stiffness or shape. Flexible particles showed higher shear stress and internal friction angles than rigid ones, especially for aspect ratios of 6. With aspect ratios of 4 and 5, flexible particles deform significantly during shear with complex reconfiguration, while aspect ratio 6 particles experience a uniform reconfiguration, indicating a solid packing structure that enhances flow resistance. These findings will aid in improving kinetic theories for granular flow of complex irregular particle flows.