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\begin{document}

\title{High-resolution~ microclimate modelling to evaluate urban heat
mitigation potentials of rainfed~ climate change adaptation measures on
buildings under various climatic~ conditions~~~~~~~~}



\author[1]{Nils Eingrüber}%
\author[1]{Charlotte Krekeler}%
\author[1]{Wolfgang Korres}%
\author[1]{Ulrich Löhnert}%
\author[1]{Karl Schneider}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


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  \date{June 17, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Due to global warming, heat stress is becoming a major challenge
especially in cities where an intensification of the urban heat island
effect is observed and further expected. Climate change adaptation
measures are a key strategy to mitigate heat stress and health
consequences. Successful adaptation should cool down both indoor and
outdoor conditions. As indoor heat is mainly caused by wall heat flux,
measures like green, blue or blue-green roofs or facades are a promising
approach. These measures on buildings can also easily be scaled as they
do not require additional space. However, cooling effects of
evaporation-based measures are largely limited by water availability to
enable latent heat flux and reduce wall heat flux at extreme heat events
or prolonged drought periods. Rainfed water storage systems at buildings
like cisterns with a PV-driven pumping mechanism not only supply water
for greenings or wet roofs during hot days, but also store storm water
to reduce flooding risks. This research aims to simulate heat mitigation
effects of rainfed nature-based and technical solutions on buildings
using the physically-based high-resolving microclimate model ENVI-met in
contrasting climatic conditions. A 3D gridded 16 ha model domain of an
urban high-density area in the mid-latitude city of Cologne/Germany and
monsoon driven city of Pune/India was parameterised using field
observations and remote sensing data. Both models are validated based on
a setup quality-controlled, densely-distributed microclimate sensor
network. Scenario analyses are performed to quantify cooling effects of
intensive/extensive roof greenings, (non-)ground-based facade greenings,
wet roofs and combinations. Specific water demands for irrigation of
greenings or blue roofs from a managed local rainfed storage are
determined to analyse how often and effectively the systems can be
operated. Simulation results show significant potential cooling effects
in both study areas which are stronger for Pune. Due to water scarcity
in the Indian pre-monsoon season, actual heat mitigation potentials are
significantly lower than in Cologne as measures can rarely be operated
for extreme heat waves at the end of the season. To effectively improve
thermal comfort in monsoon conditions, potentials of other measures will
be simulated in further research.%
\end{abstract}%



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