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\begin{document}

\title{Comparison of Precipitation Trends and its Effect on Lake Water Levels
Using Satellite Altimetry: A Case Study of Lakes Kainji and Shiroro~}



\author[1]{Hawa Abdulai}%
\author[1]{Rakiya Babamaaji}%
\author[1]{Helen Awe-Peter}%
\author[1]{Danlami Ibrahim}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


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  \date{June 18, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Water levels in lakes is a determinant of water availability for optimum
water resources planning and ecosystem functioning. This study examines
the surface water fluctuations in Kainji and Shiroro Lakes between 2008
and 2022 (14 years) using satellite altimetry. The purpose is to monitor
the effect of precipitation, as an indicator of climatic variability on
the water levels in the lakes considering their use for hydropower
generation and flood control .From the observed values, there was no
significant difference in water levels with the highest recorded at
Kainji Lake as 138.84m and the lowest as 125.77m, however, there was
significant difference in the~ area coverage with the highest value as
1311.16km\textsuperscript{2}~ and lowest value as
761.15km\textsuperscript{2}.Same trend was noticed for Shiroro Lake
where the highest water level was 381.92m and lowest as 356.97m; there
was a marked difference in area coverage with the highest area being
361.61km\textsuperscript{2} and lowest 104.36km\textsuperscript{2} . A
further analysis was done to assess the spatiotemporal trend of the
rainfall at the Kainji and Shiroro Lakes from rainfall data derived from
TAMSAT. Using Mann Kendall (MK) and Spearman's rho tests for the 14-year
period, trend analysis for the Kainji Lake showed a slight positive
trend for precipitation at a 5\% significance level; with mean annual
rainfall of 1137. 7mm.At the Shiroro Lake, there was no positive trend
at a 5\% significance level. The mean annual rainfall recorded was
1318.6m.

~

\textbf{Key Words}: Precipitation, Significance level, Mann Kendall,
Rainfall, Trend%
\end{abstract}%



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