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\begin{document}

\title{Forest Friendly Flow Gauge: DIY Tipping Bucket for Precise Interception
Loss Estimation!}



\author[1]{Rahul Kulkarni}%
\author[2]{Denzil Daniel}%
\author[2]{Sumit Sen}%
\affil[1]{Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal}%
\affil[2]{Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee}%


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  \date{June 18, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Hydrological observation networks are inadequate and declining,
hindering advancements in hydrology, particularly in hydrological
budgeting, where interception loss remains unmeasured, and a subjective
loss figure is assumed. Measuring net rainfall reaching the ground
surface is crucial for precise water balance estimates. This involves
measuring throughfall \& stemflow fractions of precipitation on the
canopy. Current methods use collector channels and static storage
systems requiring periodic visits for measurements, which becomes
extremely difficult and unsafe in inaccessible forests, leading to data
losses. For time-resolved data, an array of standard rain gauges is
placed under the canopy, or water is collected by troughs for
throughfall (and collars for stemflow measurement), draining into a
central pipe and directed into a tipping bucket flow gauge. Commercial
flow gauges are expensive for use in throughfall \& stemflow
measurement, since, multiple instruments are required in each study
location to capture the variability of the canopy. To address this, we
designed and fabricated an open-source, low-cost Tipping Bucket Flow
Gauge to automatically monitor flow rates of throughfall \& stemflow. It
is designed to have a larger adjustable tipping resolution (10 ml -- 200
ml). The open-source Arduino-based data logger automatically collects
time-resolved data and is powered using solar energy, ensuring remote
functionality even in harsh environments. A modular electronics approach
was followed for designing the datalogger, facilitating rapid
prototyping, easy repair, and upgrades, enabling someone with even an
introductory knowledge in Arduino to implement the design. Almost 75\%
of the instrument is 3D printed and can be fabricated using any standard
desktop FDM 3D printer and assembled by hand. The instrument showed 86\%
accuracy in preliminary testing at a calibrated tipping resolution of
120ml. The cost of prototyping was 100\$ - 120\$, thus proving
cost-effective for accurate hydrological budgeting as compared to the
cost of the nearest available commercial solution
(\textasciitilde{}1800\$). Through our research and product design, we
intend to reduce the barrier of entry and simplify the steep learning
curve faced in developing hydrological instrumentation.%
\end{abstract}%



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