Figure 1 . Adaptation and mitigation can be illustrated as a two-dimensional figure showing higher intensity of adaptation on the left side (in red) and greater intensity of mitigation on the right side (in blue). Achieving overall stability requires the counterbalance (arrows) between these respective elements. This is context dependent. Certain situations will require greater adaptation measures with less mitigation or conversely greater mitigation and less adaptation measures. Mitigation relies on a component of adaptation, and equally, adaptation also requires an aspect of mitigation. In climate action, both co-exist based on the context.
3 A Case for Anticipatory Capacity: Role of Ecological Calendars
The foundation of anticipatory capacity, which views adaptation and mitigation as a process, is influenced by the comprehensive and holistic attributes of Indigenous knowledge systems (Kassam, 2021; Norton-Smith et al., 2016). Anticipation of an event requires preparations to take place in advance. Under conditions of anthropogenic climate change, such actions would be: (1) in response to the shifting environment; and (2) include aspects of foresight. Exhibiting anticipatory capacity, the capability of visualizing and planning for a sustainable future, therefore rests within the adaptation-mitigation continuum. Adaptation and mitigation are conceptually distinct but not mutually exclusive. This relational comparison of the two states is necessary for a discussion of anticipatory capacity, which can be visualized as being situated in a fluid third space between the x- and y-axis (Figure 2). The expanse created between adaptation and mitigation emphasizes ontology, a way of being, and therefore the behavioral change necessary for transformation. These elements are related and dynamic, focusing on action today for an outcome affecting the future.