Figure 1 . Adaptation and
mitigation can be illustrated as a two-dimensional figure showing higher
intensity of adaptation on the left side (in red) and greater intensity
of mitigation on the right side (in blue). Achieving overall stability
requires the counterbalance (arrows) between these respective elements.
This is context dependent. Certain situations will require greater
adaptation measures with less mitigation or conversely greater
mitigation and less adaptation measures. Mitigation relies on a
component of adaptation, and equally, adaptation also requires an aspect
of mitigation. In climate action, both co-exist based on the context.
3 A Case for Anticipatory Capacity: Role of Ecological Calendars
The foundation of anticipatory
capacity, which views adaptation and mitigation as a process, is
influenced by the comprehensive and holistic attributes of Indigenous
knowledge systems (Kassam, 2021; Norton-Smith et al., 2016).
Anticipation of an event requires preparations to take place in advance.
Under conditions of anthropogenic climate change, such actions would be:
(1) in response to the shifting environment; and (2) include aspects of
foresight. Exhibiting anticipatory capacity, the capability of
visualizing and planning for a sustainable future, therefore rests
within the adaptation-mitigation continuum. Adaptation and mitigation
are conceptually distinct but not mutually exclusive. This relational
comparison of the two states is necessary for a discussion of
anticipatory capacity, which can be visualized as being situated in a
fluid third space between the x- and y-axis (Figure 2). The expanse
created between adaptation and mitigation emphasizes ontology, a way of
being, and therefore the behavioral change necessary for transformation.
These elements are related and dynamic, focusing on action today for an
outcome affecting the future.