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\begin{document}

\title{Cool roofs could be most effective at reducing outdoor urban
temperatures in London (United Kingdom) compared with other roof top and
vegetation interventions: a mesoscale urban climate modeling study}



\author[1]{Oscar Brousse}%
\author[1]{Charles H. Simpson}%
\author[2]{Andrea Zonato}%
\author[3]{Alberto Martilli}%
\author[4]{Jonathon Taylor}%
\author[5]{Michael Davies}%
\author[1]{Clare Heaviside}%
\affil[1]{University College London}%
\affil[2]{Atmospheric Physics Group, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy}%
\affil[3]{CIEMAT}%
\affil[4]{Tampere University}%
\affil[5]{Design and Engineering, The Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 17, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Comprehensive studies comparing impacts of building and street levels
interventions on air temperature at metropolitan scales are still
lacking despite increased urban heat-related mortality and morbidity. We
therefore model the impact of 9 interventions on air temperatures at 2 m
during 2 hot days from the summer 2018 in the Greater London Authority
area using the WRF BEP-BEM climate model. We find that on average cool
roofs most effectively reduce temperatures
(\$\textbackslash{}sim\$\textasciitilde{}-1.2\textasciitilde{}\$\^{}\textbackslash{}circ\$C),
outperforming green roofs
(\$\textbackslash{}sim\$\textasciitilde{}0\textasciitilde{}\$\^{}\textbackslash{}circ\$C),
solar panels
(\$\textbackslash{}sim\$\textasciitilde{}-0.5\textasciitilde{}\$\^{}\textbackslash{}circ\$C)
and street level vegetation
(\$\textbackslash{}sim\$\textasciitilde{}-0.3\textasciitilde{}\$\^{}\textbackslash{}circ\$C).
Application of air conditioning across London (United Kingdom) increases
air temperatures by
\$\textbackslash{}sim\$\textasciitilde{}+0.15\textasciitilde{}\$\^{}\textbackslash{}circ\$C.
A practicable deployment of solar panels could cover its related
energetic consumption. Current practicable deployments of green roofs
and solar panels are ineffective at large scale reduction of
temperatures. We provide a detailed decomposition of the surface energy
balance to explain changes in air temperature and guide future
decision-making.%
\end{abstract}%



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