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\begin{document}

\title{Density Troughs in the Ionosphere Sustained by Transport Barriers}



\author[1]{Mikhail Malkov}%
\author[2]{Vladimir Sotnikov}%
\author[3]{Evgeny V. Mishin}%
\affil[1]{University of California San Diego}%
\affil[2]{Naval Research Laboratory}%
\affil[3]{Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 18, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
This study explores the relaxation and sustainability of density\\
irregularities and plasma flows in the Earth's ionosphere. To do this,
we\\
use a modified model of drift-wave turbulence known as the
Hasegawa-Wakatani\\
model. Similar to turbulent processes in laboratory plasmas, we explore
a\\
powerful mechanism that can reduce the turbulent plasma transport.
This\\
mechanism is associated with the creation of `zonal flows,' cutting
across\\
the gradients of particle density and magnetic fields. They work
effectively\\
to minimize particles' random movement and reduce the turbulence
causing\\
this movement. The zonal flows create transport barriers in areas where
the\\
density gradient is steepest and where drift waves grow most vigorously.
The\\
transport barriers significantly delay the refill of low-density
regions\\
with surrounding plasma. They also lead to changes in the electric
potential\\
of the plasma and influence the movement of ions in the direction of
the\\
magnetic field. Our research investigates how these zonal flows are\\
generated and how effectively they sustain density irregularities. We
also\\
examine the spectral characteristics of turbulence in and around these\\
barriers.%
\end{abstract}%



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